Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay While a precise definition of the term has yet to be established, many of the currently employed definitions use similar concepts. The University of Colorado at Boulder (2002) describes the global economy as one in which the main international players are corporations and lacking a structure tied to national boundaries. Refusing to assign a specific definition to the term, the World Bank (2000) describes it primarily as  ¿Ã‚ ½the observation that in recent years a quickly rising share of economic activity in the world seems to be taking place between people who live in different countries, ¿Ã‚ ½ or, more simply, an increase in international economic activities. The Center for Strategic International Studies (2002) attempts to precisely define globalization, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. ¿Ã‚ ½ The International Monetary Fund (2000) offers the broadest summary of globalization, referring to it as  ¿Ã‚ ½the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, ¿Ã‚ ½ adding,  ¿Ã‚ ½The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Globalization is  ¿Ã‚ ½the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital throughout the world, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the Government of Canada (2005). Rainer Tetzlaff (1998) writes that globalization encompasses many aspects, including increasing international transactions, new communications technologies, an increasing complex division of labor and goods distribution, quick turnover of concepts and consumer patterns, and a significant increase in transnational institutions and political movements. Globa lization is  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of growing interdependence between all people of this planet, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the International Labour Organization (1996) and mentions economical interdependence. Even the cynical Progressive Living organization (2001) talks about globalization from an economic standpoint, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process, well underway, which trends toward the undermining of national sovereignty, and therefore citizen ¿Ã‚ ½s [sic] rights, in favor of the economic interests of gigantic transnational corporations. ¿Ã‚ ½ All of these definitions of the term agree on the economic aspect of globalization. The process began as one of increasingly international business dealings. However, it is ignorant to not consider other aspects of globalization. A good definition for it is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. It seems that this is the most succinct and precise the definition of globalization can be without ignoring many important aspects of it as some of the previously mentioned definitions do. Globalization and Terrorism In recent years, the world has seen many terrorist attacks or attempted attacks in locations other than where the terrorist(s) originated from. Notably, the majority of these attacks involved Muslim extremist groups. A Madrid train was bombed, as was a London subway. United States embassies in African nations were attacked. Airplanes were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York. Australia narrowly avoided a terrorist attack. In each of these cases, the terrorists did not come from the country that was targeted. When the media covers the fight against terrorists, people often hear that a government is doing something to stop them without sending any military personnel somewhere in response. Instead, financial assets are frozen to slow terrorists. Terrorist websites may be taken offline. Group cells may be discovered within a targeted country and be shut down by local, state, and/or federal law enforcement officers. Considering what is known about globalization and the current situation of international terrorist activity, one could draw a correlation between globalization and terrorism. It certainly seems that the two are connected. In a speech at the World Media Conference, John O ¿Ã‚ ½Sullivan (2004) identified four components of what he called the  ¿Ã‚ ½world crisis: ¿Ã‚ ½ globalization itself, the mass migration of people over frontiers and the consequent spread of ethnic diasporas, the increased power of religion over secular philosophies, and the extension of the powers and influence of transnational organizations. Are globalization and terrorism linked in any way(s)? If so, how are they linked? By answering these questions, it may be possible to see if globalization causes international terrorism, if international terrorism is simply an unfortunate side effect of globalization or some of its aspects, or if no link exists between the two. Globalization Facilitating Terrorism Some aspects of globalization facilitate terrorism. At its basest meaning, globalization means internationalization. Something is taken from a national setting and projected across the world. Certain nations adopt this, others reject it. When most nations do accept it and adopt it, globalization is taking place. Cronin (2002) suggests that terrorism cemented itself as an international phenomenon in the 1970s and 1980s,  ¿Ã‚ ½evolving in part ¿Ã‚ ½ in reaction to the dramatic explosion of international media influence. ¿Ã‚ ½ At this point in time, news media was truly becoming international in scope. Many broadcasting companies maintained correspondents or sister stations in other nations, sharing information back and forth. This would lead to the first visions of terrorism for many peoples who had never seen it. Presently, the media can be responsible for perpetuating the climate of international terror.  ¿Ã‚ ½For example, there may no longer be ¿Ã‚ ½ a globally organised terror network, but ¿Ã‚ ½ the media have globalised our perception of terror ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gray, 2005). Another aspect to this concept is that the media can be used by terrorists for their purposes. Campbell (2001) reminds his readers Osama bin Laden released his now-infamous recorded statements using instruments of globalization. Many have seen video of bin Laden on American media outlets even though it was originally released to regional network Al-Jazeera. International media certainly is not the main byproduct that facilitates terror. Perhaps the main facilitator stemming from globalization is communications technologies. There are many devices taken for granted in Western society that changed the way terrorists operate, especially digital communications device. Clansmen fighting Americans in Somalia in the early 1990s used digital phones that could not be tapped (Carmody, 2005). The internet, mobile phones, and instant messaging have given many terrorist groups a truly global reach. Leading up to the September 11 attacks, al-Qaeda operatives used Yahoo e-mail, while the presumed leader made reservations online and other members researched topics such as using crop dusters to release chemical agents (Cronin, 2002). Perhaps even more troubling is that these technologies can be used to disperse terrorists to different locations yet stay connected. Cells can stay in touch through internet communications while websites spread ideologies ( Cronin, 2002). It is estimated that al-Qaeda operates in over sixty countries now as a result of using technologies inspired by globalization (Campbell, 2001). According to Campbell (2001), many things sophisticated Western societies have adopted to become more efficient are leaving them more vulnerable to attacks. This includes policies of free trade, relaxed immigration policies, and streamlined border crossing policies. Rojecki (2005) claims the  ¿Ã‚ ½transportation infrastructures that had been credited by some ¿Ã‚ ½ had been used by terrorists. ¿Ã‚ ½ This includes both national and international travel systems. Even financial systems created to make international business simpler can be used for terror instead. Cronin (2002) points out that the fluid movement of financial resources can help terrorists, citing the United States ¿Ã‚ ½ invasion as an example. While the allied forces closed in on the Taliban, money collected by small businessmen was moved across the border by operatives and transferred through an informal banking system to the United Arab Emirates. From there, it became gold bullion and was sent around the world before it could be seized. More concerning is the way organizations are beginning to gather funds to operate. There are many groups with global financing networks, most of them recognized as foreign terrorist organizations. Their sources include nonprofit organizations and charities (whose donors may or may not be aware of their monies ¿Ã‚ ½ use), companies which send revenue to illegal activities, illegal enterprises, and websites set up for donations.  ¿Ã‚ ½The terrorist attacks showed that political globalization is as powerful a phenomenon as the globalization of the economy ¿Ã‚ ½ (Na ¿Ã‚ ½m, 2002). To deal with ever-increasing international relations, many organizations were set up, including the United Nations, the North American Treaty Organizations, the Organization of American States, and so on. In these forums, many people can come together to share ideas. At the same time, similar forums provide a hub for ideas and processes of coordination and cooperation used by terrorists. It is apparent that many things inspired to grow or be created by globalization have unexpectedly been used to facilitate terrorist operations. The international media has made the world much more aware of their aims and activities. Communications technologies have been used to frustrate opposition forces ore ease operations within terrorist groups. Modern conveniences and economic policies have even been known to facilitate terror in some way. International financial systems can help terrorists hide their assets or gather funds. Political globalization can help terrorists meet and share ideas and procedures. It is not a stretch to claim that there are many aspects of globalization that have unfortunately been used to help terrorists. Does Globalization Cause Terrorism? Although a peripheral link between globalization and terrorism has been established, it does not answer a simpler question. Does globalization cause international terrorism? Haydar Bas is quoted by Kuru (2005) as saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a concept originating from the West which has became [sic] a fa ¿Ã‚ ½ade to adamantly impose particular ideas on underdeveloped countries, such as the claim that the borders are removed and nations are cooperating by ignoring their economic, cultural, and civilizational differences. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There are a few hypotheses in support of the idea. These hypotheses fall into four main categories: cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. There are also claims that globalization and international terrorism are not linked at all. Foreign Policy (2005) found  ¿Ã‚ ½little correlation between a country ¿Ã‚ ½s level of global integration and the number of significant international te rrorist attacks on its soil. ¿Ã‚ ½ It even claims globalization may help countries combat terrorism. However, this study solely looks at numbers; the question to be answered here cannot rely solely on quantitative data. Cultural differences introduced by globalization are thought of as the main cause of international terrorism. If the hypothesis is true that cultural differences cause international terrorism, then it can certainly be said that globalization indirectly causes terrorism. Cronin (2002) states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Foreign intrusions and growing awareness of shrinking global space have created incentives to use the ideal asymmetrical weapon, terrorism, for more ambitious purposes. ¿Ã‚ ½ She also says indigenous peoples blame the perceived corruption of their customs, religions, and languages on an international system American behavior unconsciously molds. The CQ Researcher (2001) mentions cultural differences as a source of conflict many times. Conservative societies are offended by the media image of the United States. There may not be enough solid evidence of cultural differences inciting terrorism though. Campbell (2001) writes,  ¿Ã‚ ½Debates within [the Middle East] center only in the most trivial way on Western  ¿Ã‚ ½contamination, ¿Ã‚ ½ such as by pop music and video games, of their cultures. ¿Ã‚ ½ Rojecki (2005) even says the Huntington hypothesis (culture as the major source of anti-globalization)  ¿Ã‚ ½receives comparatively little support in [the media], perhaps because of the Bush administration ¿Ã‚ ½s strenuous efforts to divide ¿Ã‚ ½ al-Qaeda from Islam in general. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that cultural hypotheses for international terrorism lack solid support and are only popular because they take into account the most obvious differences between the West and Middle East. Economic disparity is another source of hypotheses concerning globalization and international terrorism. The recent invasion of Iraq portrays an  ¿Ã‚ ½image of the West as an enlightened but militarized and muscular liberator, ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½recoups the reality of the global North as ¿Ã‚ ½ a site of mass consumption in a world of horrifying need ¿Ã‚ ½ (Barkawi, 2004). The CQ Researcher (2001) also explores economic disparity as a source of terrorism.  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½With globalization, people tend to compare themselves with bigger and bigger groups, and if you ¿Ã‚ ½re in a poor village in Egypt what you see in U.S. television sitcoms are people with a lot of money, ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ David Byman is quoted. However, economic disparity alone does not seem like it would inspire international terrorism, no matter how well-off Western nations are compared to the rest of the world. There are plenty of nations that are as bad as or worse-off than the Middle East that do not engage in international terrorist activity. That point alone discredits the economic disparity hypothesis. The category of political frustration has two different theories concerning globalization and terrorism. The first theory, presented by Kuru (2005), claims,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization challenges a specific type of state, one that aims to homogenize its citizens through sociocultural policies. ¿Ã‚ ½ This is true of the Middle East and untrue of Western nations. Western nations, being mainly democratic, do not attempt to lump their citizens together as one; rather, a great deal of diversity is present in them. In the Middle East, internal strife is intense, as one group of leaders tries to claim power and keep all people under its law. It does not seem that this challenge should concern leaders very much, considering they constantly struggle against internal opponents. It seems the leader could simply ban access to any international influence. The other type of theory in this category is blaming the West for internal strife. Most of the time, this involves Western nations interfering and installing unfit leaders. As far as politics are concerned, Rojecki (2005), states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a cover for reinforcing American dominance with the UN as a fig leaf ¿Ã‚ ½ the United States is said to support corrupt regimes that routinely violate human rights. ¿Ã‚ ½ Carmody (2005) agrees with this idea, saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Support for repressive governments ¿Ã‚ ½ are likely to prove unstable as [it generates]  ¿Ã‚ ½blowback, ¿Ã‚ ½ unintended negative consequences. ¿Ã‚ ½ History has seen Western installation of repressive regimes throughout the world, so this point has more bearing than the former. Despite any Western nations ¿Ã‚ ½ actions to install ineffective governments, it seems the affected nations are no better at helping themselves. The CQ Researcher (2001) points out,  ¿Ã‚ ½The Muslim world never underwent a movement like the 18th-century Enlightenment in the West, which hastened the demise of religious influence in government. ¿Ã‚ ½ Considering the tendency of the region to reject secular government, it seems the best government to be installed, if secular, would be rejected. Western nations, wary of Islamic terror, cannot be blamed for avoiding the installation of Islamic governments. The final type of hypothesis considers clashing markets, a concept that has not been considered enough. Mousseau (2002) pins the problem of international terrorism solely on this aspect of globalization, stating,  ¿Ã‚ ½In this mixed economy, the clash of clientalist and market cultures can lead to illiberal and unstable democracy, military dictatorship, state failure, sectarian violence, or some combination thereof. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that this scenario could lead to the conditions Carmody (2005) claims are responsible for providing opportunity for transnational terrorism,  ¿Ã‚ ½Islamic fundamentalism ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½failed states, ¿Ã‚ ½ and the lack of effective territorial control. ¿Ã‚ ½ Clientalist societies and market societies are naturally clashing entities. To summarize, clientalist societies see cooperation as the exchange of gifts, base trust on life-long friendships within small, approved groups, and are very hierarchical. Middle Eastern nations are clientalist societ ies. Market societies place less emphasis on small, approved group loyalty and encourage cooperation with new groups and base loyalty on an agreed-upon sanctity of contracts. Western nations are market societies.  ¿Ã‚ ½From the clientalist perspective, however, those with market values are from out-groups and thus are untrustworthy. Moreover, by expressing self-interest, individuals with market values ¿Ã‚ ½ appear to have no culture and are seemingly interested in little beyond the crude pursuit of material gain ¿Ã‚ ½ (Mousseau, 2002). When this concept is paired with the fact that when people in developing countries see the breakdown of traditional relationships and the surfacing of zero-sum anarchy, they relate them to growing Westernization of their societies, it is not difficult to see that there is potential in this hypothesis. There are two more factors within clientalist societies that contribute to international terrorism. First, privileged persons often emerge as terrorist leaders because they have the most to lose from globalization. They exploit the hierarchical structure and gather many patrons from the economically lowest parts of society. To keep their patrons ¿Ã‚ ½ loya lty, leaders must demonstrate strength. Second, in this society ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, individuals are responsible for the actions of the entire group. Therefore, terrorist attacks that kill innocent people are justified because leaders are showing strength by killing guilty people (Mousseau, 2002). The hypothesis of clashing market systems is the best explanation for international terrorism. It does need to be further researched and tested to confirm its plausibility, but it definitely seems to be the most rational explanation for international terrorism. Mousseau (2002) sums up his hypothesis by saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½The underlying cause of terror: the deeply embedded anti-market rage brought on by the forces of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Conclusion Globalization is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. Recent terrorist attacks and attempted attacks have raised the question: Are globalization and international terrorism connected? There are aspects to globalization that have inadvertently facilitated the rise of international terrorism. International media, communications technologies, conveniences, and international finances have facilitated terrorism on a global scale. The more important question is: Does globalization cause terrorism? The answer to that is unclear. There are many hypotheses, considering cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. The concept of clashing market systems seems to best answer the question. The theory definitely finds globalization greatly contributes to international terrorism but is not itself the only cause. However, the theory should be further tested and researched to verify its worth.

History Museum Visit Essay

Located on the coast of southern California is the city of La Jolla. Now home to almost 40,000 people, this city shares its own historical story from the past one hundred and fifty years through a series of presentations located within three historical structures. These three structures include, The Westeria Cottage, Carriage House and the Current Headquarters. Each structure contributes its portion in putting together the La Jolla’s Historical Society. Currently, the structures are featuring, Home front La Jolla : An American Community during World War 11. The series includes multiple rooms dedicated to different parts in history, along with the different aspects going on during the war. Each room featured many photographs, artifacts and personal stories to exploit the hardship of these times in our history. Many of these items were either donated or loaned by the Veterans Museum in Balboa Park and the Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego. While researching for museums, early in February I came across the main website for these historical sites. It caught my eye because I knew that this exhibit would cast a different kind of perspective than other grand museums. There are a ton of histories on World War II, but there are very few on the home front experience. The La Jolla Historical Society presents a perspective from its society, and shares multiple personal oral stories from its own residents who lived through the war or their surviving relatives, which I found fascinating. It is catered specifically to the effects of World War II on La Jollians. The oral stories provided by this exhibit are not only about what these residents remember about World War II, but also an intake of what life was like beyond that. I viewed this as a much different approach, but was very excited to begin my experience because I knew it would be something new. On April 7th, 2012, I took the opportunity to travel down to La Jolla and visit the museum. The museum is open Thursday-Sunday, Noon to four PM and does not have a fee at all. I was also fortunate to be able to attend on a day where there was a given lecture at five PM, giving me enough time to grab an early dinner before returning again. The lecture, Science & Technology on the Home front, was covered by an oceanographer and U.S Army veteran Walter Munk. He discussed the scientific innovations sparked by the needs of the war effort precipitating a boom in the fields of marine sciences and aeronautics. Entering the museum, I was introduced into a grand room that was divided up by glass cylinders, and it also offered entrances to many other rooms. Initially where you begin the journey, the right wall played an introduction role. It began with the year of 1894, displaying numerous photographs creating an idea of how life was like in La Jolla at the time. â€Å"Everyone knew everyone† quoted by Maurice Bonny was stated at the top of the wall. Photographs included vacation sports such as the La Jolla Caves, as well as the role of the newly invented Trains and Trolleys played and daily lifestyle activities such as golfing and beachside activities. Continuing along, stood in front of me a large wall with a devastating photograph of the explosives on December 7th, 1941. Underneath was the original copy of the U.S Navy Communication Service from that given day, along with an article written the following day by John MaxConnel. This portion of the exhibit also feautured my first chosen artifact, a scrapbook. The oral history of a World War II veteran, Don Shutte, was done by a La Jolla High School student named Ana Ofresky, especially for this exhibit. Don Schutte donated a scrapbook of artifacts of things throughout his experience. It contained images, personal sketches and official documents, including the telegram the Department of War sent to his parents notifying them of his status as missing in action and a POW identification card he was given by the German Army upon his capture and imprisonment during the Battle of Bulge, on December 16, 1944. The final page of the scrapbook contains a letter he wrote to himself on Dec. 2, 1945, stating: â€Å"Hello there, great to be a civilian, isn’t it?† I found this a significant artifact because it told a story of just one man involved in the war in a very unique way. The documents inside this scrapbook were all original and of items I had never se en before. On the opposite side of the room was a large wall which featured certain camps that La Jolla was hosting at the time. These camps included Camp Callan, Camp Mathews and a military base in Bird Rock. Camp Calvin B. Mathews, also known as Marine Corps. Rifle Range was a military base from 1917 to 1964. It was used as a marksmanship training facility for Marine recruits being trained at Marine Corps Recruit. It was issued a rifle base but not until 1923. The base was then constructed to what is now UCSD. Camp Callen was a United States Army anti-aircraft artillery replacement training center that was operational during the time of war but was shut down right after World War II had ended. Lastly, there was another Naval Anti- Aircraft Training Center at Bird Rock, or Pacific Beach. This was a site where sailors would take a six-day course on anti-aircraft artillery. It was opened from 1942 to 1945 and trained about 300,000 sailors to shoot down aircrafts. In a separate and very small room, was a Japanese American side and point of view during the war. It was set up to look like what s room at the internment camps looked like. â€Å"Most Japanese were interned in 10 camps in remote areas of seven western states. No claim of humane intent could change the reality-these were concentration camps. (pg. 736). The room only included a bed and a suitcase which included bedding, a book and one outfit. On the largest wall was a map that displayed the location of all of the internment camps in the U.S and a copy of a poster of instructions for the Japanese living in these rooms. â€Å"Local newspapers there expressed confidence in the loyalty of Japanese Americans, who in any case were crucial to Hawaii’s economy(pg.736)† The room also displayed many newspaper articles, including one from the Los Angeles Examiner on March 23, 1942 announcing relocation of Japanese Americans from Los Angeles to internment camps. It was good to see an example of what kind of media was out during the time. Also in the room was the story of Hiomi Nakamura, a La Jollian born Japanese American who was first transported to a permanent relocation internment camp site, and later drafted to play a role in the was at a laboratory. Also, in this room I found my second artifact, small carvings. In all of the internment camps, people began making what they needed with whatever materials they could find. Scrap lumber became furniture, found metal became knives and for fun, scrap wood was carved into small, painted birds. These carvings were scrap wood paint metal which women also used as jewelry. To the right of this room continues on to an even smaller room. This part of the exhibit was the â€Å"blackout† room, covered with thick black sheets much like those were used by residents at the time to keep light inside their houses. People were so afraid the Japanese would attack that they had to turn out all of their lights at night. Blackouts were enacted to prevent enemy aircraft from reaching their targets by sight. They also helped prevent ships from being viewed in silhouette against the shore, and vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines. Traffic lights and car lights were covered in a way that would deflect their beams to the ground. This is where another one of my artifacts was inspired, a black sheet. These sheets were a source of protection and I feel it exploits a sense of nationalism as well. The community as a whole worked together in order to make sure all the light in their society was turned off. Nationalism is brought up many times in our textbook startin g with the growth of corporate businesses, to the acts of citizens during all three wars. Finally, came the last and second largest room. In this room I found my two remaining artifacts. This part of the exhibit displayed both men and women’s role during the war. It included stories from women who were living at home, while their men were at war. It provided the perspective of what it was like to be a women or even young mother in La Jolla in the 1940’s. Alongside of the roles played living on the home front, it also displayed the new roles women took inside the war itself. â€Å"World War II brought an end to the military as an exclusive male enclave that women entered only as nurses (pg.730).† At first the government discouraged women who wanted to perform some kind of military service. It soon became clear that the war was going to demand more than the government had expected. Women began to do technical jobs normally performed by men. One of the artifacts that I chose from this room was a nurse’s robe from the Red Cross. This robe was not just your typical plain robe but was covered in patches of each army man they had helped. I was barely able to even see any white apart of the original robe. I chose this artifact because it truly portrayed the crucial role women also played in the war. Our textbook gives us a brief overview from the changes of roles women played during the time of war, but the number of patches on this robe opened my eyes to how much more of an important factor these nurses played taking on a great amount of soldiers. The number of men these women helped were astounding, definitely portraying how import a women’s role was. On the other side of the room was a glassed display of a US Army Air force uniform from 1943-1945. It was considered to be the â€Å"Eisenhower jacket,† based on General Eisenhower. In the display were also a M1903 Springfield Rifle and a M1 Grand Rifle alongside what seemed to be a map. The other artifact that I chose from this room was a silk scar f. Now this long silk scarf had nothing to do with fashion, but proved to be a crucial navigation tool during the war. Allied pilots were issued with these scarves that had detailed maps of enemy territory printed on them. The silk scarves also denoted railroads, canals, roads, frontier, churches and lighthouses. Air Power Shrinks the Globe on page 743 of our textbook discusses the growth of airplanes over the period of time of war. â€Å"The Wellington flew 255 miles an hour and cruised as high as 12,000 feet, with a range of 2,200 miles, whereas the new B-29s could travel more than 350 miles an hour, at altitudes up to 30,000 feet, with a range of up to 5,000 miles. (Pg. 743)† At the time, this was a massive step in the evolution of aircrafts and aircrafts at war, but if we compare this to the type of technology we have in our airplanes it cannot compare. Many of us cannot find our ways around our own city without using our mobile devices to navigate us. These pilots were u sing maps printed on scarves to help direct them around! It is incredible. I believe that the site gave an exceptional insight of how life was like prior, during and after World War 11. Each room explained its story well by the display of artifacts, photographs and touching oral stories it presented. The facility was well outlined timeline which exposed a sequence of events. The exhibit related perfectly to the content of this class with all the information and artifacts it presented. Many of the things presented corresponded with what the book had to say about World War II, along with a lot of new material as well. Overall, I was very pleased to have been able to take a day off and visit the La Jolla Historical Society. I was able to learn a great deal of new material which contributed to a better understanding of what times were like during the war, not only as a nation but to the residents of La Jolla.

Fish and West Coast Tuna

Japan's Fuchsia Nuclear Power Facility is leaking into the Pacific Ocean constantly. This leak was caused by a powerful earthquake in 2011. Any sort of chemical leak is terrible; however, the location of the Fuchsia facility makes it significantly worse. Because this body of water does not remove or clean itself well, the chemical pollution is Just increasing and taking over the ocean. Marine life is being severely affected by this. One fish that should be a main focus is the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna.The West Coast Blue Fin Tuna is a widely recognized fish and the West Coast Tuna Fishing industry is very familiar with this marine life form. For this industry, the Fuchsia leak is the worst possible event. Phytoplankton, plankton, and many other marine life forms feed on the radioactive chemicals being released by the gallons every day. This consumption of chemicals makes its way up the food chain to the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna. Not only is it now harmful to eat, the West Coast Blue F in Tuna ingests the radioactive chemicals which in turn begin to eat away t its tissue thus leading the West Coast Blue Fin Tuna to cease to exist.To determine whether or not the rise of radiation levels in the blue fin tuna is due to the Fuchsia leak or any cause that may be natural, I have created an experiment. I would begin by monitoring a set amount of 200 North American Blue Fin Tuna (Group #1). These fish would be in clean water with no radioactive chemicals and superb circulation. My other group would consist 200 of Blue Fin Tuna in clean water that is not well circulated (Group #2). Another group would be made up of 200 Blue Fin Tuna with circulated water containing the Fuchsia chemicals Group #3).

How to Write a Persuasive Essay Quickly and Easily

The idea of an argumentative essay is quite simple – you have to utilize all the resources at your disposal to persuade the reader that your point of view on a certain topic is correct, logical and more acceptable than any other opinion or a whole range of opinions. Under ‘resources’ you should understand, well, anything that makes your point of view look more viable: logical arguments, facts and their interpretation, examples from history, statistical data, opinions of experts in the given field and so on and so forth. In other words, to write a persuasive essay you have to know the topic, have a strongly defined opinion on it and be able not only to defend your beliefs in discussion, but also to persuade the reader. It is not as simple as it may sound – some things are too obvious and natural for us to really bend our minds around the concept that somebody else could have all the same data to begin with and come to different conclusions. The very fact of this obviousness makes the process of persuading somebody else all the more complicated. You should always base your writing on the assumption that the reader is probably as set in his ways as you are in yours. Sensitive Topics: Writing an Essay on Drugs Before trying to write such an essay on your own it might be a wise idea to spend some time studying the samples of work done by other people. Although practice makes perfect, studying a little bit of theory won’t hurt, too. So, find a reliable service and read a couple of persuasive essay examples, either on the same topic you have to write or about something entirely else. From them you will be able to learn the basic layout of such piece of writing – and when you start writing on your own you will be able to follow the same principles. How to Write a Good Essay on Drugs If you have to write about drugs, you have to tread lightly – this topic is often considered to be sensitive and some things you may write might be considered to be in poor taste by your tutor. However, this topic still allows remarkable flexibility – you are free to approach it from any direction as long as you stay civil. Of course, you have to found your essay on what you actually believe – and when it comes to n issue that is raised so often, there is no lack of points of view and proofs of their viability. It would be also nice to read several persuasive essay examples on the same topic, to see how other people deal with it. As for the approach itself, choose anything you like: criticize the war on drugs as an ineffective measure that only makes the international drug cartels stronger, or offer your own ideas about how drugs should be treated in modern society, or write something completely different.

Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About Essay Topics for Junior High School

Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About Essay Topics for Junior High School Want to Know More About Essay Topics for Junior High School? Every family needs to have a all-natural disaster survival program. Most people obtain their very first love in high school. For instance, students might write about the advantages of a vegan diet. All parents ought to be asked to attend parenting classes before having a kid. Mixed martial arts ought to be banned. Writing about the reason and effect essay topics connected to the school's popularity or surviving the initial year in college could be fine to grab the interest of your peers. The perfect way to improve writing skills is via regular practice. As a students, there are many theoretical majors like math, physics and chemistry that they need to take their most time and create every their effort to learn. Essay Topics for Junior High School - Overview Tell the advantages of having a collection, and explain how someone can start to grow a group of her or his own. Men and women like to collect and display items which have sentimental value or distinctive appeal. In high school, you're supposed to decide on the sort of topic you're going to be in a position to dig into that is, you've got to be sure you can discover enough info on the topic. Deciding on a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Essay Topics for Junior High School Fundamentals Explained MLA would be the simplest style to begin with, and it's ideal for each of the ideas listed above. Parents need to remain alert to which subjects are somewhat more difficult. They need to clarify and make their child understand that they will always love the child, but not love what they do sometimes. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. 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Choosing Essay Topics for Junior High School Is Simple Think about the local evening news program and why you ought to be chosen as the student reporter. Entering the college years is something whi ch's really tough for children. Directions for Writing Think about the significance of experiencing a mobile phone. The style, topic and voice of your private essay needs to have the punch to earn the audience think. The Basics of Essay Topics for Junior High School Think about a few teens you know. American teenagers have argued they drink anyway even though it's illegal for them to achieve that. There are several bright students out there who don't get accepted to a lot of colleges because the student near them out-lied or exaggerated more than they did. Imagine your school does not own a school newspaper. You've invited your two best friends to devote the afternoon at your house. Consider what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. Choosing Essay Topics for Junior High School Normally, a structure of essay contains three key sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. Once you comprehend the kind of essay, it's time to choose a topic. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to attain in your essay, there are plenty of categories essay themes may be broken into. An essay has to be broken into paragraphs to ensure it is readable. The introduction could begin with a quote or might be a joke, if it suits the subject of the essay. After you have the topic, answer the question and after that support your answer with three or more explanations for why you believe it. It's needless to say that you should go for a subject that you regard as interesting. 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Jetblue - 596 Words

JetBlue Airways Corporation (NASDAQ: JBLU) is an American low-cost airline with its main base John F. Kennedy International Airport, also in Queens. In 2001, JetBlue began a focus city operation at Long Beach Airport in Long Beach, California, and another at Bostons Logan International Airport, in 2004. It also has focus city operations at Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport and Orlando International Airport. The airline mainly serves destinations in the United States, along with flights to the Caribbean, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Mexico. As of November 8, 2010 JetBlue serves 62 destinations in 21 states (including Puerto Rico), and eleven countries in the Caribbean and†¦show more content†¦On April 19, 2010, JetBlue announced new service from Bradley International Airport in Hartford, Connecticut starting on November 17, 2010. They will offer twice daily non-stops (four daily departures) to Fort Lauderdale and Orlando. C. OBJECTIVES AND DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT The case evaluation aims to achieve the following: 1. To determine the best stock valuation model applicable to JetBlue’s IPO shares 2. To distinguish the difference of using different stock valuation models 3. To calculate the offering price of the new IPO shares 4. To confirm if the share price suggested by management is reasonable or not 5. To identify the risks involved in oversubscribed shares Based from the stated objectives above, the following were defined for the case: MAIN PROBLEM TO BE RESOLVED: What would be the appropriate offering price for the new IPO shares of JetBlue Airways Corporation listed in NASDAQ which would not only help the firm raise short-term capital requirements but would also provide positive returns to its shareholders in the future? UNDERLYING PROBLEM(S)/ISSUE(S) TO BE RESOLVED: 1. What should be the best stock valuation model applicable to JetBlue’s IPO shares? 2. What would be the impact of these valuation models on the calculated offering price for its IPO shares? 3. Is theShow MoreRelatedJetblue3939 Words   |  16 PagesJetBlue Questions for Discussion 1. Give examples of needs, wants, and demands that JetBlue customers demonstrate, differentiating these three concepts. What are the implications of each for JetBlue’s practices? * First of all people who go to an airline are because they have the need to travel, which the main feature is. Inducing the consumer or person, as their main need. * JetBlue customers to contract your travel company this time JetBlue, wanted a good service duringRead MoreJetblue Airways Corporation ( Jetblue ) Essay789 Words   |  4 PagesJetBlue Airways Corporation (JetBlue), often called â€Å"New York’s Hometown Airline,† operates in the airline industry. It was incorporated in August 1998, began service in February 2000 and by the end of 2013 had grown to become the fifth largest passenger carrier in the United States based on revenue passenger miles. According to the JetBlue website (2014) in 1999, David Neeleman announced his plans to launch a new airline, â€Å"New Air.† By the end of 2000 JetBlue had reported $100 million in revenueRead MoreJetblue Airways1854 Words   |  8 PagesSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT amp; POLICY COMM 4005 / SP1 MODULE 3 JETBLUE AIRWAYS: A CADRE OF NEW MANAGERS TAKES CONTROL JETBLUE AIRWAYS Question 1 David Neelman’s original strategic vision was to ‘bring humanity back to air travel’ through combing low fares of a discount airline carrier with the comforts of a small cozy den in people’s homes. David’s strategic vision is a good one, but the strategic objectives, strategy development, and implementation and execution should be modified toRead MoreJetblue Organizational Plan761 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Plan Introduction JetBlue is known as the airline that promises, and also delivers. JetBlue delivers Air flight of the future, with new jets and the lowest fares available. JetBlue has proved to the world that one can have it all. JetBlue’s Airways started in 2000 with the mission as stated by the founder Neeleman: â€Å"to bring humanity back to air travel by offering passengers low fares, friendly service, and high-quality product† (Ford, 2004, p.139). JetBlue has five core values that theyRead MoreJetblue Case Analysis1111 Words   |  5 PagesJetBlue Airways airline was established by David Neeleman as a low-fare airline with high-quality customer service. His goal was to create an airline that was innovative for the current market. Their main focus was to provide service to areas that were underserved as well as to large cities with overpriced fares. He aimed to establish a strong brand that differentiated itself from its competitors by being a safe, reliable and low cost-airline . Neeleman managed to achieve this partially by hiringRead MoreJetblue-Case Study3327 Words   |  14 Pages2001, p.5).   Overall, Jet Blue Airways has lived up to its mission of caring for its people. JetBlue Airway is an airline industry. Founder is David Neeleman, a Salt Lake City entrepreneur. The eighth largest passenger carrier in United State. Have won many awards including â€Å"Best Domestic Airline†, â€Å"Best Domestic Airline Value† and â€Å" Best Overall Airline†. The case study discuss on the JetBlue Corporation emphasize on its founder, on its financial performance, human resource management practicesRead MoreJetblue Case Study2073 Words   |  9 PagesJetBlue and Song: Competitive Rivalry between Low-Cost Carriers Case Analysis 2 Kathleen Quicho Prof. Rosalinda B. Lacerona Faculty, MGE 11A Time Context 2013 (Present) JetBlue is a United States domestic airline company who operates on a  low-cost principle which translates into cheaper airfares to its customers. In February 2007 JetBlue underwent a  particular event that could have been its last. Since its beginning in 1998 JetBlue became the 11th  largest company in the industryRead MoreJetblue Bmgt 364 Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesBrockunier Abstract This paper outlines the formation of a vision statement, the mission and the values that JetBlue and Southwest airlines embrace. A firm can initiate strategic management once it forms a mission statement. That statement allows forms to aspire to its potential while bearing in mind what it wants to avoid as it successfully grows. JetBlue and Southwest airlines mission has been primarily to govern the way they conduct business and the desire to serve customersRead MoreJetblue Swot Analysis2110 Words   |  9 PagesSWOT Analysis: JetBlue Airways DeVry University Online by Keith Escher Organizational History Known as one of the very few airlines which has actually managed to make a profit since the downturn in the travel business, which was a result of the September 11th attacks, JetBlue Airways continues to pride itself by living up to its dedication of â€Å"bringing humanity back to air travel†(JetBlue Bill of Rights). JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998 and was foundedRead MoreJetBlue case analysis3419 Words   |  14 PagesEnvironment To evaluate the external environment of JetBlue airways we will use the PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal analysis†. Political Factors How and to what extent the government does intervenes in the economy. Political factors can be tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors that are found in the JetBlue case are: Government monitors the airline industry

Empirical Investigation of Consumer Perceptions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Empirical Investigation of Consumer Perceptions. Answer: Introduction: The complexities of business have been improvising over the years with profound references to the increasing prominence of globalization and international business. The measures adopted by large scale organizations to address alternative target markets in the existing business jurisdiction of the enterprise as well as entering new markets which are novel for the organization (Ahmed d'Astous, 2008). It is imperative for organizations to understand the feasible outcomes that can be derived from expanding into new markets especially in terms of increased brand reputation, improvement in market share and sustainability for the business. As per Ahmed d'Astous, the impact of globalization and international business can be observed explicitly in different industries with substantial disparities in terms of outcomes (Ahmed d'Astous, 2001). However, the fast food industry has been able to gain a strong foothold in majority of international markets with the flexible and strategic approaches for market entry and cultural diversification followed by organizations. The major market players in the food and beverage industry such as McDonalds, KFC and Starbucks have acquired drastic global exposure with their product changes and effective pricing mechanisms as well as marketing alignment with individual local cultures in international markets (Ahmed d Astous, 1995). The following report reflects on the case of Dunkin Donuts and its preferred entry into the international market of China. The capabilities of Dunkin Donuts for launching its iconic product brands in the worlds most populated country could be assumed as the expl icit motivation for the following report. The product and service description for Dunkin Donuts could be assumed as a credible requirement for justifying the selection of China as the international market to venture into. The competitive advantage of the organization is vested in the benefits provided to customers in the form of effective services and products which ensure customer loyalty (Al-Sulaiti Baker, 1998). The services of Dunkin Donuts employees are based on the treatment of the customer as the boss which leads employees to deliver services in the most appealing form. As per Baines Harris, the primary products of the organization are baked goods and coffee with the finest ingredients that provide the advantage of novelty and uniqueness to the products of Dunkin Donuts (Baines Harris, 2000). The doughnuts products offered by the company could be observed in an assortment of powered, frosted and glazed variants of 31 different types of doughnuts. The organization also serves other products for customers such as Eclair, Coffee Rolls and Munchkins which add to the improvement in the experience for customers. The entry of Dunkin Donuts into China is however characterized with the provision of Chili oil-glazed flavours, pork floss and seaweed topped rounds as its products is evident owing to the previous failed attempts of the organization to enter the Chinese market (Balabanis, Mueller M elewar, 2002). The nature of the product facilitated by Dunkin Donuts is tangible and is largely reflective of the requirements of consumer service industry dynamics. Furthermore, the case of Dunkin Donuts has to review the justification for selecting China as a viable marketplace for the intended international market entry of the organization on the basis of a clear analysis of the external environment factors (Balestrini Gamble, 2006). The analysis of the external market environment could be accomplished through the use of models such as PESTEL analysis for China which could facilitate comprehensive insights into the political, economic, cultural, geographic and technological aspects of the market environment. The external environment analysis is mandatory to weigh the competences and available resources of the organization with respect to the analysis outcomes in order to observe the feasibility of the decision of Dunkin Donuts to expand in China (Becker, Benner Glitsch, 2000). The following section would illustrate the major dimensions associated with the international market condition in China on the basis of which the country can be validated as a recommendation for international market expansion of Dunkin Donuts (Bloemer, Brijs Kasper, 2009). Political factors are primarily tied to the aspects of regulations, government policy and law which could render formidable impact on government decision and economic factors. The implications of changes in labour laws introduced by the government could lead to formidable changes in the structures of job and leniency for employment. This factor leads to the rise in unemployment owing to the provision of basic employment to people without any prospects for training in new skills (Bruning, 1997). However, the government has implemented necessary measures such as financing the labour intensive sectors in order to improve job availability. Initiation of drives to encourage foreign trade could be observed as prominent highlights of contemporary foreign trade policies adopted by the government which is responsible for increasing prospects for foreign direct investments (Chao Rajendran, 1993). The favourable political ties between the US and China could also be accounted as factors which address the concerns pertaining to insecurities of Dunkin Donuts observed in context of daily life, jobs and the government. Economic factors are capable of inducing major changes in a business which could be influential on the major aspects of capital availability, supply, demand and cost. The limitations on capital cost could be complemented with high demand in order to acquire higher investment from the organization as well as improving the production volumes. Furthermore, the impact of the economic recession has enabled the prospects for smaller companies to acquire a stand in the business market alongside competing with others (Chattalas, Kramer Takada, 2008). The recent economic development observed in the case of China could be apprehended as a major influence on the prospects for organizations. The implications of the Bank of China could be observed in terms of reviewing monetary policies which can facilitate improvement and decrease in the interest rates. The specialized initiatives for ensuring transparency of financial transactions which international organizations have in the economic framework (Chen Pereira, 1999). Environmental factors involve refer to the preferences of the Chinese society for businesses to adopt eco friendly practices and resources. The prominence of green economy in China could account as flexible opportunities for an organization to realize prominent advantages to accomplish strategic flexibility (Chryssochoidis, Krystallis Perreas, 2007). The implications of using low carbon technology, emissions reductions and relevant green economy characteristics could be beneficial for organizations to realize a formal depiction of their corporate social responsibilities. Social aspects that could be observed in China for validating its choice as an international market for Dunkin Donuts could be observed in the importance of education, changing lifestyles of the Chinese population, shifting of rural individuals to urban locations and the preferences of the local population for leisure and work (Chu, et al., 2010). The family structures observed in China also favour the decision of Dunkin Donuts that can be leveraged for alternative approaches to product design. Technological improvements are accessible in China with the prominent implications for investments in research pertaining to innovation for improving technology transfer and address the emerging concerns of energy requirements (Clarke, Owens Ford, 2000). The increasing adoption of internet and related communication technologies is responsible for inducing new channels for marketing for organizations in the customer service sector such as Dunkin Donuts. The observation of the above factors in the external environment for Dunkin Donuts in the new international market i.e. China provides a feasible validation for selection of the market (d'Astous Ahmed, 1995). Competitor identification: The prominent highlights that could be observed in this section refer to an illustration of the competitors of Dunkin Donuts, recent growth trends in the fast food industry and competitive factors. The competitors of Dunkin Donuts in the Chinese market could be identified in McDonalds and KFC which have established formidable presence in the international market (d'Astous, et al., 2008). The western fast food culture was introduced by KFC in 1987 with its first restaurant in Beijing which has progressed to the extent at which the organization is serving more than 10 million consumers every day in the Chinese market. The capabilities of KFC as a pioneer in the industry are also reflected in the association of the supply chain of the organization with local standards thereby ensuring formidable integration. The organization maintains its quality standards alongside maintaining a local supply chain which account for its competitive advantage in the market (Demirbag, Sahadev Mellahi, 2010). The advent of McDonalds was not observed until late 1990 when the organization found its first restaurant in the Guangdong Province. The major source of competitive advantage for the organization in the international market of China could be observed on the grounds of competences such as globally standardized service, operating policies and products (Drozdenko Jensen, 2009). The marketing alignment of the organization to specific target customer groups could be assumed as an explicit source of competitive advantage for the organization in Chinese market. As per Ettenson Gaeth, the market share of the organizations depicts the prominent challenges that can be imposed by them for Dunkin Donuts which are estimated to be 0.5% for McDonalds and 1.3% for KFC (Ettenson Gaeth, 1991). The competitive environment in the fast food industry is also likely to be affected by the future trend of increasing emphasis on legal obligations for health and safety of food products. The fast food industry is highly criticized on the grounds of provision of unhealthy food which has to be addressed by organizations as a competitive factor (Ferguson, Dadzie Johnston, 2008). Therefore organizations which could be able to address the requirements of health and safety in context of fast food products can obtain competitive advantage over others in the market. Cultural Profile: The cultural profile of China can be established through references to the references to Geert Hofstedes dimensions of national culture which comprise of power distance, individualism, masculinity, long term orientation and uncertainty avoidance (Glitsch, 2000). China could be assumed as a highly collectivist society wherein people are identified to be associated with each other and individuals prioritize the interest of others in the family over their personal interests. The implications of a highly collectivist culture could be observed in the in-group considerations for family members during promotion and selection initiatives (Hamin Elliott, 2006). The aspect of masculinity is higher in the national culture of China that defines the progress of society on the basis of achievement, success and competition. The prominent example of the higher masculinity aspect can be observed in the Chinese culture where work is prioritized over leisure and family time and the emphasis of students on ranking and exam scores as prime criteria for accomplishing success (Hamzaoui Essoussi Merunka, 2007). Uncertainty avoidance depicts the capability of a society to address the concerns that could emerge in the future (Hamzaoui Merunka, 2006). China does not depict substantial uncertainty avoidance as the culture is dependent on pragmatism and reforming laws according to the present situation. The national culture of China is also characterized by ambiguities with the references to different ambiguous meanings observed in the Chinese language. Power distance is highly observed in the Chinese national culture and accepts the inequalities among people flexibly that is characterized by the example of polarized relationship of superior and subordinate (Harcar Kaynak, 2008). Long term orientation aspect indicates the association of national cultures with the past in order to address the challenges observed in the present and future. The Chinese national culture emphasizes on a high score of long term orientation since it is directed along the lines of pragmatism that can be observed in the encouragement of international education among students in order to address the concerns of future (Heslop, Lu Cray, 2008). The culture depicts formidable abilities to adapt to different conditions while the people have the notable characteristic of perseverance to accomplish their objectives. Customer attitude towards product: The impact of a customers perception regarding the product is a mandatory requirement for ensuring the sale of the product. The different factors which could be identified as impactful on the perception of customers regarding the products of Dunkin Donuts in China comprise of Consumer animosity, consumer disidentification, country of origin effect, consumer affinity and consumer ethnocentrism (Heslop, Nadeau O'Reilly, 2010). The analysis of these elements could provide the basis for strategic recommendations. The country of origin effect refers to the approach followed by customers for associating with foreign brands and making their purchase decisions accordingly (Hui Zhou, 2003). The country of origin effect is responsible for influencing customer perception of a product based on the country where the product is manufactured. Consumer ethnocentrism is observed in the isolation of culturally different products which could be based on the presence of foreign ingredients and the encroachment of western culture (Insch Florek, 2009). The aspects of customer disidentification could be observed in the dissent of customers for products from the domestic country which leads to favourable prospects for foreign brands to earn competitive advantage. The impact of customer affinity has been observed explicitly in the cases of large firms such as Apple, Polo etc. which describes the long term relationship of a brand with the customers (Johansson, 1989). The impact of customer affinity is reflected in the requirement of lower costs for product launch. If consumer affinity is low then the organization would have to invest in addressing the negative factors affecting customer affinity in order to acquire new customers. The review of these factors in the case of Dunkin Donuts reflects that the aspects of customer disidentification can favour its international operation while the organization could gain support through addressing the concerns of customer affinity, country of origin effect in marketing and consumer ethnocentrism (Josiassen, Lukas Whitwell, 2008). Market segmentation, targeting and positioning: The traditional model of STP is implemented for the strategic planning for international market entry. Segmentation of the markets is ensured through division of the selected market into different sub groups in order to facilitate their different products and services. The observation of customer segments facilitates prominent competitive advantage for an organization like Dunkin Donuts which has already depicted proficiency through inclusion of coffee in its product line (Kaynak, Kucukemiroglu Hyder, 2000). The types of segmentation approach that can be followed by Dunkin Donuts include geographical, demographic, behavioural and psychographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation can be based on the locations of customers and can be applied in context of this case through location of the stores near busy business districts where people would be able to access breakfast. The demographic segmentation could be identified for the organization in the form of different customer groups on the basis of occupation, income, education, gender and age. Psychographic segmentation is intended for categorizing customers on the basis of lifestyle preferences which is helpful for Dunkin Donuts to design tailor-made products such as products to remark the Chinese New Year with indigenous flavours (Khan Bamber, 2007). The impact of behavioural segmentation could also be observed in this case which suggests the division of the market on the basis of a users attitude or response to a specific product. Market segmentation has to be followed with the targeting process which is responsible for identifying the specific audience and analyze the customer segments alongside approaches to address the individual segments (Khmel'nyts' ka Swift, 2010). The individual stages involved in the targeting stage would refer to evaluation of the market segments, selection of target market segments, selection of a targeting strategy and ensuring compliance with social responsibilities in targeted marketing. The aspects of market targeting enable an organization to improve its marketing campaigns and production capabilities in accordance with the distinct needs of various market groups (Kim Thorndike Pysarchik, 2000). The major aspects that must be taken into consideration while addressing the market targeting refer to buyer preferences, existing market environment and competitor actions. Finally, an organization has to position itself in the international market through communicating value differences, selection of areas of competitive advantage that lead to the finalization of a positioning strategy. The positioning strategy is defined by the value proposition presented by the organization in the market environment (Kim, 2006). Market entry: The most feasible market entry and expansion strategy for Dunkin Donuts would be observed in the method of a joint venture and franchising. The organizations franchisee Golden Cup would supervise the international outlets in China. The requirement of selection of franchising in a joint venture in the case of Dunkin Donuts can be validated on the grounds of two failed attempts of the company to enter the international market of China. The first attempt of the organization to enter the Chinese market in 1994 was direct and failed since customers were not acquainted with the brand and disliked the primary products i.e. glazed doughnuts (Kinra, 2006). The companys second attempt to enter Chinese market was observed in 2008 which also resulted in failure due to the changing preferences of customers and their requirements for sophistication. The effect of adopting a joint venture strategy for international market entry and expansion could be validated in the form of experience that could be facilitated by local franchises and the financial aid required for the organization to ensure sustainable growth of the enterprise in international market (Knight Calantone, 2000). Furthermore, the organization would have the opportunity to tap into evidence based approaches from the observations of partners firms in joint venture and franchisees in order to improve their international market performance (Lawrence, Marr Prendergast, 1992). The organizations expansion strategy has been established according to the agreements of the joint venture and the organization aims to expand its stores to a count of 1400 in a course of 20 years. The expansion of Dunkin Donuts would be primarily based on the provision of tailored products to the local culture and novel product designs to cater the changing preferences of customers (Lentz, Holzmller Schirrmann, 2006). The organization could also emphasize on its promotion as a status brand rather than a convenience option which would improve the sustainability of the expansion strategy of Dunkin Donuts. Strategic recommendations: The prominent highlights of the report were observed in the review of the nature of products and services of Dunkin Donuts, selection of an international market, cultural dimensions of the international market and valid suggestions for market segmentation, targeting and positioning (Lim OCass, 2001). The organization should emphasize on the cultural aspects such as high collectivism and long term orientation could be leveraged by the organization to promote culturally aligned products as well as new products among culturally adaptive customers. The references to the external environment available for Dunkin Donuts in the Chinese market suggest that the aspects of foreign direct investment and political favourability for foreign trade could be useful for the organization to ensure long term success in the international market (Maronick, 1995). The aspects of customer perception for a product could be addressed in the marketing approaches of the organization which should maintain a thin line between communicating the brand as a status brand and its capability to adapt to the indigenous culture. While the aspect of customer disidentification could be assumed as a feasible indicator for promoting the organization as an international brand, the organization should be able to improve customer affinity and reduce ethnocentrism which can be considered as formidable challenge for the organization (Phau Suntornnond, 2006). The prominent impact of market segmentation, targeting and positioning provide insights into the significance of working professionals and youngsters as the specific market segments which could be addressed with the value propositions of access to international products at flexible prices. References Ahmed, S.A. and d'Astous, A., 2008. Antecedents, moderators and dimensions of country-of-origin evaluations.International Marketing Review,25(1), pp.75-106. Ahmed, S.A. and d'Astous, A., 2001. Canadian Consumers'perceptions Of Products Made In Newly Industrializing East Asian Countries.International Journal of Commerce and Management,11(1), pp.54-81. Ahmed, S.A. and d Astous, A., 1995. Comparison of country of origin effects on household and organizational buyers product perceptions.European Journal of Marketing,29(3), pp.35-51. Al-Sulaiti, K.I. and Baker, M.J., 1998. Country of origin effects: a literature review.Marketing Intelligence Planning,16(3), pp.150-199. Baines, P.R. and Harris, P., 2000. Kite flying: the role of marketing in the post-BSE British beef export industry.British Food Journal,102(5/6), pp.454-464. Balabanis, G., Mueller, R. and Melewar, T.C., 2002. The human values lenses of country of origin images.International Marketing Review,19(6), pp.582-610. Balestrini, P. and Gamble, P., 2006. Country-of-origin effects on Chinese wine consumers.British Food Journal,108(5), pp.396-412. Becker, T., Benner, E. and Glitsch, K., 2000. Consumer perception of fresh meat quality in Germany.British Food Journal,102(3), pp.246-266. Bloemer, J., Brijs, K. and Kasper, H., 2009. The CoO-ELM model: A theoretical framework for the cognitive processes underlying country of origin-effects.European Journal of Marketing,43(1/2), pp.62-89. Bruning, E.R., 1997. Country of origin, national loyalty and product choice: the case of international air travel.International Marketing Review,14(1), pp.59-74. Chao, P. and Rajendran, K.N., 1993. Consumer profiles and perceptions: country-of-origin effects.International Marketing Review,10(2). Chattalas, M., Kramer, T. and Takada, H., 2008. The impact of national stereotypes on the country of origin effect: A conceptual framework.International Marketing Review,25(1), pp.54-74. Chen, H.C. and Pereira, A., 1999. 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