Australopithecines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australopithecines - Essay Example Many changes in the physical environment contributed to the evolution of these early humans. Australopithecines comprise a genus of primitive hominids that resided in Eastern Africa about 4.2 million years ago. Many scientists think that some of the australopithecine species are direct ancestors to humans. Others believe that the Australopithecines represent a branch of hominids from which humans evolved, but are not directly related to humans. There several established taxonomic methods for classifying the australopithecines, but the four most frequently acknowledged species are Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus robustus, and Australopithecus boisei (Chardin). The species can be differentiated, because A. robustus and A. boisei have bigger bones and are more "robust" than A. afarensis and A.africanus (O'Neill). Most species of the Australopithecus were not any more adept at using tools than modern primates. But, Australopithecus garhi seems to have been the most sophisticated, because its remnants have been discovered near tools and slaughtered animal carcasses, which suggests the advent of a highly antediluvian tool conception. This caused many scientists to infer that A. garhi must be the predecessor of the Homo genus, even though recent deductions held that A. garhi was merely competition to the ancestral Homo species. The brains of most Australopithecus species were barely 35% the size of the modern human brain (Foley). Most species of Australopithecus were small and gracile in nature, often standing no more than 1.2 meters in height (Wikipedia). Fossil records seem to indicate that Australopithecus is the ancestor of a specific classification of hominids, known as Paranthropus, but are not direct ancestors of the genus Homo, which encompasses modern humans. Both the Paranthropus and Homo genera have proven to be more progressed in behavior and customs than the Australopithecus, which were hardly more than bipedal chimps. It is still widely accepted that only the descedants of Homo would go on to generate language and learn how to use fire. Though opinions certainly vary in regards to whether the species aethiopicus, boisei and robustus should be placed within the genus Australopithecus, the scientific community currently places them in the genus differ as to whether the species aethiopicus, boisei and robustus should be included within the genus Paranthropus. Paranthropus is thought to have originated from the Australopithecus lineage. Until recently, many scientists classified all Australopithecus species within a single genus. Paranthropus, because it was larger and more robust, was physically different from Australopithecus, and its superior anatomy implied that its behaviors might have been very different from that of its ancestor. The more diminutive and gracile forms such as Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus afarensis are commonly assumed to be the closest relatives to humans. But, some studies have shown that Australopithecus africanus had a body shape more similar to that of the modern apes than t o the members of the genus Homo. Still, the gracile australopithecines are considered to be the earliest known true hominids, because australopithecines and humans are biologically similar enough to be classified in the family Hominidae (Nickels). Australopithecines

Different models or theories of teaching writing in TESOL (Teaching Essay

Different models or theories of teaching writing in TESOL (Teaching English to Speaker of Other Languages) - Essay Example Learning academic English composition skills can be especially challenging and stressful for ESL students. In addition to mastering the linguistic and grammatical features of written English, second language students must learn to think, create and compose in ways that may be quite unfamiliar and different from those in their native language (Swales, 2004; Crystal, 2003). While there is a plethora of methods or approaches that have been used in the teaching of writing (see, for example, Kroll, 1990; Petrosky & Bartholomae, 1986), this paper focus on the major instructional practices which are widely used in English as secondary language teaching: the controlled composition approach, the current-traditional rhetoric approach, the communicative approach and the process approach. It discusses first the earliest approaches, then the more recent ones, with a particular focus on the process approach. The process approach is discussed in greater detail because it is widely used in TESOL. The structuralist linguistic view dominated theory and practice in the field of ESL literacy and almost exclusively guided pedagogy until about the middle of the 1960s (Kaplan, 1988; Crystal, 2003). L2 writing instruction was no exception in following audio-lingual teaching methods. Although writing was considered one of the "survival" language skills, writing was taught as a subsidiary component to oral language and was usually not dealt with until after students had acquired oral competence in English. It was believed that oral competence would automatically lead to written competence (Grabe & Kaplan, 1996). The primary technique of writing was called controlled composition, or guided composition, which modelled the "audio-lingual method" of second language teaching, focusing on recurring forms of spoken English rather than on written language (Mangelsdorf, 1989; Silva, 1990). Writing was seen as a

Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare

Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd.(GSKCH) is an Indian associate of GlaxoSmithkline plc,U.K. GSKCH is one of the largest players in the Health Food Drinks Industry in India. The Company, with its manufacturing plants located in Nabha, Rajahmundry and Sonepat. Has a total workforce of over 2700 people, each driven by a spirit of enterprise.Its flagship product, Horlicks, is a highly respected brand which is over 100 years old in India. The Company also manufactures and markets Boost, Viva, Maltova, Biscuits and in addition promotes and distributes number of products in diverse categories, including prominent brands such as Eno, Crocin, Iodex.GSKCH has a strong marketing and distribution network in India comprising over 1800 wholesalers and direct coverage of over 4,00,000 retail outlets. . The company has dedicated consumer healthcare RD center takes research as seriously as marketing excellence, offering cutting-edge capability in both. MISSION STATEMENT Our Global Quest is to improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more, feel better and live longer. As a Global Organization, we are united in our approach to how we conduct ourselves. For us to take pride in our contribution and make a difference, we all must be in touch with the elements that make us successful. OUR SPIRIT We undertake our quest with the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs, excited by the constant search for innovation. We value performance achieved with integrity. We will attain success as a world class leader with each member of our team contributing with passion and an unmatched sense of urgency Our spirit gives us the qualities as individuals and as an organization that will enable us to turn our opportunities into achievements. Our spirit will guide us, keep us focused, and differentiate us from the competition. OVERVIEW of company The first plant was set up at Nabha by M/S Horlicks was being imported and marketed India after being packed in the bottles. The reason why the plant to produce Horlicks was set up in Punjab(Nabha) was because the import of Horlicks was stopped by the government of India,following which the company decided to set up a plant in India itself and the raSw material i.e.milk was available in Punjab.The Maharaja of Nabha laid this foundation stone of the factory. Maharaja Pratap Singh In Nabha on 31st May 1959. The Factory went in for production in March 1960. Barley Malt and Wheat Flour were easily available but the procurement of milk was creating a problem. So to solve it,many milk centres were opened in village around Nabha. Field Officers were appointed to go to the villages for guiding and encouraging farmer to sell milk and tame more milk giving animals for the better income. In the very first year the factory earned profits and about 37% bonus was distributed amongst the employees. Within five years the factories production capacity doubled as the demand for the Horlicks increased and in period of nine years there was four-fold increase in the production of Horlicks. As the demand went on increasing, the production of Horlicks also increased in the Nabha unit. However there was still a gap between the demand and supply therefore, 50% workmen were made permanent and the casuals were enrolled as per the requirement. As the main market for sale was in the south and west of India, the need was felt for establishing small packaging stations of Horlicks is dispatched from Nabha in bulk quantity to Different packaging stations namely Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, and Ballabgarh. Only the Calcutta packaging stations, is owned by the company the other packaging stations are on contract. COMPANY PROFILE Company Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd. Head Office Gurgaon,Haryana Registered Office Nabha(Punjab) Status Multinational Co. Sales Turnover (2006) Rs. 12,143 (millions), 11.5% increase as . compared last year Profit Before Tax (2006) Rs. 1,905.6 (millions) Export Operations to places Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Middle East, Nepal, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Fiji SECOND LARGEST COMPANY GlaxoSmithkline Consumer Healthcare(GSKCH)is the worlds second largest over-the-counterhealthcare products company and is also ranked second globally in sales of oral-care products. GSK is one of the worlds leading research-based pharmaceutical and healthcare companies, with annual sales of nearly $3billion in 2001 an estimated seven percent of the worlds pharmaceutical market. GSK has over 100,00 employees worldwide. Every second, more than 3 doses of vaccines are distributed by GSK. Every minute, more than 110 prescriptions are written for GSK products. Every hour, GSK spends more than $45000to find new medicines HISTORICAL BACKGROUND GlaxoSmithKline is a pharmaceutical and healthcare company born out of the merger of two leading international organizations. Smithkline Beecham and Glaxo Welcome. Its global mission is To Improve the quality of human life by enabling people to do more,feel better and live longer. THE YEAR 1955 Horlicks a milk product manufactured by Horlicks Ltd. Slough, England was being imported, bottled and sold in India. Due to changes in import policy import stopped. THE YEAR 1956-57 A team from the organization visited to explore the possibilities of setting up a plant with the support of Maharaja of Nabha, His highness PRATAP SINGH, and a plant was set up at Nabha. THE YEAR 1958 On May 31st 1958, Mr. Pratap Singh laid the foundation stone of the Company at Nabha. THE YEAR 1960 On 24th March 1960, the factory went into Production. THE YEAR 1969 Horlicks Group disposed off their holding in India and U.K. To BEECHAM GROUP OF INDUSTRIES which is multinational and owns more than 200 countries engaged in manufacturing of Brylcream , Haircream, Eno fruit salt, Toothpaste , Pure Silvikrin etc. Immediately after taking the management, Beecham Group shifted its head office from Nabha to Delhi. THE YEAR 1979 Beecham India (Pvt.) Ltd. Mumbai merged with Hindustan Milkfood Manufacturers Ltd. and the name was changed to H.M.M.Ltd.Beecham Group Plc. THE YEAR 1991 Smithkline U.S.A. merged on September 16,1991 to form Smithkline Beecham consumer Brands,Plc. with its registered office in the U.K. H.M.M. became a part of smithkline Beecham Consumer Brands, one of the three sector of Smithkline Consumer Brands Ltd. THE YEAR 1994 The name was changed to Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Ltd. to reasset the companys promise of providing Healthcare to consumers. The company decided to do away with its toiletry products and sold its brands like Brylcream and Silvikrin to Sara Lee. THE YEAR 2000 The Company acquired MALTOVA and VIVA brands of nutritional from Jagjit Industries Ltd. A merger took place between Smithkline Beecham and Glaxo Wellcome and the new company Glaxo Smithkline (GSK) was formed on 27-12-2000 THE YEAR 2002 : Change of name took place effective April 23rd, 2002. THE YEAR 2004 : The Bank of Punjab has tied up with the company for facilitating finance on attractive terms to its milk suppliers. The company started packing Horlicks in  ½ kg and 1 kg pouches. Packing machines was imported and installed. As the main market for sale of Horlicks was in the South and East India, need was felt for the sale of Horlicks in small units of the country. Therefore packing station was opened at different places. At present Horlicks is dispatched from Nabha in bulk quantity to the following packing stations: The Company has established a new plant in Sonepat with a capital layout of Rs.246.69 crores.This plant is fully automatic using Spray Dry Technology. This plant has the State of Art Plant and machinery, and is biggest Spray Drying Plant in Asia with European GMP and safety standardsThe Companys manufacturing facilities at Nabha, Sonepat and Rajamundry have received prestigious ISO 14001,ISO 901 certification and its packing facility at Hyderabad and Ballabhgarh continue to maintain the prestigious ISO 9001 certification by SGC, a leading International Certification Company. Company has also started B2B operations with its leading vendor for the purchase of raw material and service under the area information technology. The company has implemented two ERP packages namely JD Edwards and AS400 and connecting up all its business locations all over the country via satellite link. DEPARTMENTAL OVERVIEW The various departments in GSKCH LTD. Located at Nabha are: Human Resource and Administration Department. Manufacturing Department. Procurement Department(Milk Sourcing Procurement and Purchase Department) Quality Assurance Department. Total Quality Management Department. Information Resources(IR) Finance Department Warehouse Supply Chain Management Engineering Department. Environment, Health and Safety Department(EHS). INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC The term labor welfare refers to the facilities provided to workers in and outside the factory premises such as canteen, rest room, recreational facility, housing and all other services that contribute to the wellbeing of workers In the early stages of industrialization. Welfare activities for factory workers did not receive adequate attention. Employers were not inclined to accept the financial burden of welfare programs. Whenever employers provide for such amenities, it was more with a Paternalistic approach to labor rather than a recogonisation of a worker needs. Hence state has to intervene and compulsory provisions are thus incorporated in factories, other establishments where manufacturing is carried out. Welfare is anything that is done for the comfort o and improvement of employees and is provided over and above the wages. Welfare helps in keeping the morale and motivation high so as to retain the employees for longer duration. Welfare measures need not in monetary terms only but it can be any kind or form. Labor welfare entails all those activities which are directed towards providing the employees with certain facilities and services in addition to wages and salaries. OBJECTIVES- TO PROVIDE BETTER LIFE AND HEALTH TO WORKERS TO MAKE THE WORKERS HAPPY AND SATISFIED. TO RELIEVE WORKERS FROM INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE AND TO IMPROVE INTELLECTUAL, CULTURAL AND MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF LIVING OF WORKERS. The govt. of India has enacted various labor laws, social security and welfare schemes to adequately protect the interest of working class. In case of welfare provisions we have a distribution of statutory and non- statutory measures or voluntary measures- STATUTORY MEASURES WASHING FACILITY STORING AND DRYING CLOTHES FACILITY FACILITY FOR SITTING CANTEENS SHELTERS, REST ROOMS AND LUNCH ROOMS CRECHES WELFARE OFFICERS NON- STATUTORY MEASURES MEDICAL BENEFITS EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS HOUSING FACILITY RECREATIONAL FACILITY CONSUMER COPERATIVE SHOPS TRANSPORTATION FACILITY VOCATIONAL TRAINING HOLIDAY HOME ANDLEAVE TRAVEL FACILITY NAD MANY MORE. Statutory measures in GSK nabha Facilities for sitting sec 44 For workers who are to work in a standing position, suitable arrangement for sitting shall be provided in the factories. This enables workers to take advantage of any opportunities for rest which may occur in the course of their work. In GSK with the workshops there are sitting facilities available like desk and benches at the corner of walls and are there in order to enable worker to take rest because of any opportunity which may occur in course of their work. First Aid Appliances: Sec 45 of factories act states that if a factory possesses 150 workers then there should be a first aid box and cupboards equipped with the required contents in every factory. This should be readily accessible to them during all working hours. The number of such first aid boxes shall not be less than one 150 workers in the factory. Now in case of GSK there are two ambulances which are available for 24: 7 within the factory premises. There is small dispensary which has trained doctors, two nurses and a compounder during the factory hours. These doctors and medical staff and other medical staff is available during the night hours. Even there are 10-15 first Aid boxes available in respective departments of HEEP and CFFP i.e. in material department, production department, Administrative buildings, workshops, even in canteen. Canteens : we have in total of 3 canteens in GSK , Hardwar unit. 2 canteens are in HEEP unit and 1 canteen in CFFP unit. In HEEP we have one staff canteen where executives can have lunch and other two canteens were from shop level to supervisor have lunch. GSK offers subsidized canteen facility to its employees. One plate of food cost 50 paisa and one tea two snacks costs 25 paisa. Also there is a officer appointed to check on food quality the canteen is run by organization itself. 4)Shelters rest room and lunch rooms: As per section47 of factories act 1948, GSK have rest rooms, small lunch rooms, gardens where employees/workers can rest during lunch hour or free time. The rooms are cleaned everyday having separate area for drinking water. There is separate water room for water cooler, comfortable table and chairs for rest purpose. 5) Crà ¨ches facilities: Under section 48in GSK NABHA, we have the facility of crà ¨che available for women workers employed in the factory. The crà ¨ches is located within the factory premises near the entrance gate rooms are well adequately lighted ventilated, clean and with a trained woman who looks after the children and infants. The children are given healthy food with milk thrice in a day in morning during noon and once in evening time Welfare officers: AS per sec.49 GSK is having a separate department which looks after the facilities (welfare) provided to workers. They keep check on quality of food in canteen, in crà ¨che, also on condition of rooms. Mr.C.S. SHARMA is head of welfare department in GSK NABHA.. These above statutory measures are followed at very large level in all GSK units admit has lead to building up of a positive, motivated(1130) which can b retained for a longer period. Non statutory/voluntary measures- 1.Medical benefit at GSK Medicare is a federally administered health insurance program for people 65 years of age or older, certain disabled individuals that have been receiving Social Security Disability Insurance for 24 months, and for people with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure treated with dialysis or a transplant). Medicare was created as part of the Social Security Act of 1965, and currently provides benefits to over 40 million people.Effective January 1, 2006, Medicare will begin providing outpatient prescription drug benefits to beneficiaries for the first time in the history of the program. Drug coverage and benefit design varies according to the Part D plan selected. Each year, Medicare beneficiaries may elect to sign up for a Medicare plan that includes Part D coverage. During this inaugural year, the open enrollment period runs through May 15, 2006. Additional information is available at www.medicare.gov and through Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Educational facility- GSKprovides VOCATIONAL TRAINING to different students of different field such as MBA-HR and FINANCE, b-tech all. Housing facility- GSK provides housing facility to its employees and has its own township which is called BIR NIWAS in nabha. Each apartment has set of rooms from 2-5 and employees are charged very minimal amount as rent of house. With the housing, GSK also provide free electricity (certain units), free water facility and free housing maintence etc. Also for the retired employed, GSK also provide them free housing facility for first 2 months of retirement, but other are charged Rs.4000/month as per separate accommodation. Recreational facilities- Not only focusing on productivity, GSK keep their employees engaged in various sports and cultural activities. We have GSK CLUB and STADIUM where different activities like sports and swimming are played. In CONVENTIONAL HALL for picture and plays, cultural activities are conducted. On the eve of Independence Day, republic day there are various cultural programs, parade are organized. Not only these, within factory premises, there are inter- unit competitions are conducted like different sports activities running are conducted on national holidays. For the welfare of women there is ladies club managed by wives of employees. They have their own work related by weaving, stiching, photocopy, making masalas etc. Every year, GSK contributes some part of their earning into WOMEN/LADIES CLUB. Other Voluntary measures/ Benefits and pay (TotalReward) TotalReward is how GSK rewards its employees for their contribution to its success. But its more than just a salary it rewards high performance, invests in development, partners with employees to save for the future, and supports employees health and wellbeing: Pay salary, bonus/sales incentives and recognition awards Shares Savings share plans, savings plans, pension plan Health Life Healthcare Plan, Health MOT, Holidays, Employee Assistance Programme, Tax-free: Plans, Discounts Development Performance and Development Plan The composition of the pay and benefits package and details of individual benefits schemes are subject to change at the discretion of GSK. Offering competitive pay that rewards performance is critical to their long-term success. GSK pay programmes are designed to give the opportunity to earn good rewards for good performance and superior rewards for superior performance. Key features: A competitive base salary An annual bonus which is the main reward for performance, both Company performance and individual performance A Recognition Program to recognize and reward special achievements and contributions by employees and teams The composition of the pay and benefits package and details of individual benefits schemes are subject to change at the discretion of GSK. Shares Savings The GSK share plans give employees a stake in GSKs success and the ability to gain in line with the shareholder value them help create. GSK also helps their employees save for the future by contributing to their pension, and offering a range of tax-efficient savings plans and financial education programmes to help them make the most of their TotalReward. Key features: A money purchase Pension Plan in which GSK contributes a minimum of 5% of your pensionable pay and matches employee contributions up to another 5% A ShareReward plan in which employee receive a free GSK share for every share they buy Financial Education Programme, providing employee with a wide range of financial planning options Long-term incentives, if eligible, to give employee a personal stake in GSKs future The composition of the pay and benefits package and details of individual benefits schemes are subject to change at the discretion of GSK Health Life GSKs mission is to help people do more, feel better and live longer, and this approach is extended to GSK employees. Health Life plans are designed to make it easier for you to balance your work and personal life and to care for yourself and your family whatever your circumstances. Key features: Healthcare: designed to give employee and their family access to prompt medical treatment when and where they need it Employee Assistance Programme: designed to offer a helping hand when it comes to organising and dealing with the pressures of work and family life Tax-free: bikes, childcare, health assessment and holiday: a range of salary sacrifice plans designed to save money in exchange for benefits Car Allowance: if eligible, a monthly car allowance which employee can use to purchase a car through the scheme or take as cash the choice is their. Discounts: a range of discounted products and services designed to support employee health, wealth and well-being Holidays: employees are entitled to 26 paid personal holiday days each year (increasing to 27 days after five years service and 28 days after 10 years service) plus eight paid public holidays and the opportunity to sacrifice salary to buy five more additional days. If they join during the year (January to December) their entitlement will be prorated .The composition of the pay and benefits package and details of individual benefits schemes are subject to change at the discretion of GSK. Development Be the best that you can be. At GSK, your Performance and Development Plan helps you understand what you need to do to contribute to GSKs success, how you need to perform and how to develop your career at GSK. PDP: helps you identify what you need to do and the behaviours you need to demonstrate to achieve success as well as the areas you need to develop to attain greater reward The composition of the pay and benefits package and details of individual benefits schemes are subject to change at the discretion of GSK. PROOFS GSK REIMBURSEMENT RESOURCE CENTER The BEXXAR ® THERAPEUTIC REGIMEN (Tositumomab and Iodine I Tositumomab) PATIENT INFORMATION FORM Please fax completed Form to: (866) 216-5292 Phone: (800) 745-2967 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Patients Last Name First Middle Initial Social Security Number Date of Birth __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Street Address City State ZIP Code Home Telephone Primary Insurance Secondary Insurance Company Name ______________________________________________ __________________________________________ Telephone _______________________________________________________ __________________________________________ Subscribers Name __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Relationship to Patient _________________________________________ __________________________________________ Social Security #______________________ Date of Birth _____________ _____________________ Date of Bir___________ Policy ID # ______________________ Group # ____________________ ________________________Group #____________ Employer ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________ Please attach GSK Reimbursement Resource Center Patient Authorization to Release and Disclose Medical Information Form (If you do not have the patient authorization form, please call (800) 745-2967 to request it. We will not be able to provide patient-specific reimbursement services without the signed authorization.) Patient Medical Information Name of Treatment Site where BEXXAR will be administered:_____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________ Administering treatment site contact name Contact Telephone # BEXXAR Therapeutic Regimen will be provided [ ] Outpatient Hospital [ ] Inpatient Hospital [ ] Free Standing Facility Primary Diagnosis (Please provide actual code or codes): _________________________________________________________________________________ Previous Treatment(s): ______________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Justification for BEXXAR Therapeutic Regimen (check all that apply) [ ] Statement of Medical Necessity attached [ ] Other (please specify) __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ Authorized Prescribing Physicians Signature Date _________________________________________________________________________________________ Authorized Prescribing Physicians Name (Please print) _________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________ Issues regarding GLAXO SMITHKLINE ARTICLE(issue addressed on child healthcare by gsk) The Childrens Health Funds Referral Management Initiative Homeless and disadvantaged children are especially vulnerable to illness. Theyre more likely to suffer from acute and chronic illnesses such as asthma. Many do not receive vaccinations. Yet millions of these children cannot get healthcare because there is no transportation, or because there arent enough doctors, in disadvantaged communities. Sometimes there are language barriers. These problems all make it difficult for their families to keep hospital appointments. The Childrens Health Fund provides a Referral Management Initiative (RMI) to help children get the care they need whenever they are referred to a specialist. The RMI reminds families about doctor appointments by phone and mail. It also provides door-to-door transport to clinics and can even provide translation services if necessary. When the program began, one in twenty children who were referred to a specialist actually made it to the appointment; now-through the RMI-three out of four do. GSK is the sole funder of the RMI and has awarded $8 million to date. The program is expanded from New York to Washington, DC, Dallas, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and South Florida,india. CHF hopes to introduce similar initiatives nationwide. Irwin Redlener, President of the Childrens Health Fund, comments The Childrens Health Fund partnership with GSK has been responsible for positively transforming the lives of tens of thousands of medically underserved children in need of specialist care. ANALYSIS THE article discuss about the issue of healthcare in different countries like Washington, DC, Dallas, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and South Florida,india which has been addressed by gsk at large scale by initiating a system of referral management initiative which aims at providing funds and healthcare facility to children in above mentioned countries and this initiative has been applied to the labour working in the same company through same RMI system though an expeniditure of dollar 8 million till date that means GSK is not only concerned about their employees only but they are concerned about the society from which they are coming and hence creating better human resource. CASE STUDY(issue regarding allotment of medical benefit to workers aswell as society) GLOBAL P U B L I C P O L I C Y I S S U E S GlaxoSmithKlines Position GSK is a leader in: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Applying computerised statistical tools to facilitate the evaluation of safety information through, for example, the identification of unexpected adverse events that are being reported on a disproportionate basis (safety signals). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evaluating and applying pharmacogenetics2 to enhance the risks and benefits of our medicines for patients. As part of our efforts, we collect blood samples for potential DNA analysis in the majority of our Phase I, II and III drug development trials (with ethics committee review .. GSK is in regular dialogue with Regulators (e.g. US FDA, EMEA and Japans Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) regarding how PGx data should be interpreted and applied on a case by case basis during the development, licensing and post marketing phase of a medicine. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supporting the public disclosure of the results (including safety information) from GSK sponsored clinical trials. In 2004 we launched the GSK Clinical Study Register which provides summary results from all GSK sponsored trials (phase I-IV) of marketed medicines completed since the formation of GSK. These summaries include all the serious adverse events and common adverse events reported in the trials. Proposal for Enhancing Pharmacovigilance Data Collection and Evaluation The tools and processes used in pharmacovigilance are continually evolving. Effective use of these tools, along with improved reporting and communication tools, helps to ensure that potential and actual side effects can be better identified in investigational and marketed medicines. GSK recommends that initiatives to improve the pharmacovigilance framework should include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Improved reporting: Collection of data on rare side effects through company or regulatory agency databases serves as an important starting point for possible further action. However, one of the shortcomings of this system is the variable nature of reporting and the quality of reports received. One of the chief difficulties with side effect reporting is ensuring the quality of the databases, and obtaining any necessary follow-up information. Resources are often expended in contacting health care professionals regarding aspects of a report they have filed. In some instances, the reporter is unable or unwilling to provide sufficient detail to allow for a rigorous evaluation of the reported event. GSK would therefore support initiatives aimed at improving pharmacovigilance through improved education of medical students and physicians regarding the quality of ADR reporting. Training modules could explain the role and responsibilities of healthcare professionals in reportin g ADRs; how to identify and evaluate an ADR; and how to prepare and submit reports of high quality Real-life / real-time databases: Pharmacovigilance could be enhanced by using novel technologies to allow companies and regulators to access anonymised data obtained from the use of medicines in clinical practice. For example, information captured systematically in electronic patient records could help identify a potential association between a side effect and a particular medicine or combination of medicines, by facilitating a comparison of side effects be

Gender Differences of Communication :: Communicating Talking Speaking Relationships

Gender Differences of Communication How do men and women communicate clearly when most of their ways of communicating are so different? In today's society language plays a key role in defining gender by phraseology, vocabulary, and also their nonverbal vocabulary. Each one of these different types of ways of communicating is prominently different between men and women.Webster's defines phraseology as "a choice and pattern of words." Many studies have been done on the differences between men and women's phraseology. It has been noted in many different studies that men tend to talk much more than women do. This was proven true in a study that Lynette Hirshman did in 1974 (Glass 33). It has also been proven that women tend to speak faster than men; this is due to the fact that women tend to be interrupted more often than men are, and also have the ability to speak more clearly, precisely, and more quickly than men can. In one study it was found that women spoke for an average of three minutes describing a painting, as opposed to the thirteen-minute average it took men to describe it. (Glass 33) Women tend to be more detailed when describing events, persons, places or things. Linguist Robin Lakoff states in her book, Language and Woman's Place, women use greater description when describing colors. (Glass 31) Women notice more detail than men causing women to be more perceptive; they notice things such as tone of voice, facial expression, and body language. Being able to pick up on those three types of communicating helps women better understand what is actually being said in a conversation. Men and women's styles of communicating are close to being directly opposites of one another. Men tend to be louder more aggressive speakers; they mumble many of their words and tend to be sloppy in their pronunciation of words. Men tend to use loudness when emphasizing words instead of inflection and pitch to emphasize points. According to Webster's, inflection is "a change in the tone of the voice," or "the change of form in a word to indicate number, case, tense, etc." (Glass 51) Women tend to use pitch and inflection more so than men do. Men have a tendency to speak in a lower tone and rarely change from that tone to any others. Women on the other hand speak in five different tones, which makes them sound more emotional.

Presidential candidate

For an individual to run for presidency in the United States of America, there are some of the requirements that he/she has to meet. They include: the requirement of the individual to be a natural born citizen of the United States. The requirements for one to be considered a US citizen are scrutinized before he/she is allowed to contest for presidency. Immigrants no matter the period they have lived in the US can not be allowed to contest for presidency.Children who are born outside America by American parents are considered eligible to run for the presidential position but it is a requirement that they should have lived in the country (US) for a minimum of 14 years before they run for the office. This is so because of the need of the president to be familiar with general issues facing the population as a whole (Michael, 2009). Majority of people expect the candidate to be of good moral standing. Therefore the morals and ethics of the presidential aspirants are put under scrutiny par ticularly by the opponents.This could prove to be difficult for an individual whose character had been compromised in one way or the other during his/her earlier life. Other aspects that could give an individual a better opportunity of winning in elections is experiences that he/she has had. Many of citizens vote for individuals who have had an opportunity to serve the public in any capacity and have shown his outstanding leadership skills. This shows that the individual the candidate has the experience and the capacity to deal with related positions (Robert, 2006).All US presidents have been white males possibly because of the cultural believes and practices that did not provide a level playing ground to both male and female. Majority of the US population is comprised of whites and considering the racial discrimination against immigrants that existed, it could not be possible for an immigrant to run for presidency. The US constitution also prohibits immigrants from running for pres idency there fore the only people who were in a position of becoming presidents were male whites (Michael, 2009).Laws governing qualifications for presidency should be reviewed so that they can be able to provide a level playing ground to both male, female and immigrants who are legal Citizens of the US. A constitutional perfect presidential aspirant should posses the following qualities which could ensure that there is no division between democrats and the republicans or any other party: He/she should clean and blameless such that his history when traced should not be a questionable one.His/her record should be one that characterized by biasness based on tribe, gender, race color, creed or any other factor that can be considered discriminatory. He/she should be married for at least ten years. This will ensure that the individual has what it takes to handle matters involving pressure because if the individual is able to manage his family for that long despite numerous challenges ass ociated with family, then he can be able to handle pressure that can come about with his position as president.He should remain alert to guard the country against attack by enemies. He should be able to defend the country through actions. He should be an individual with the interests of each and every person in society at heart. He should not be easily manipulated by individuals or organizations (Robert, 2006). He should also be an individual with excellent behavior with good hospitality. Should be friendly, warm, humble, loving to other people and also kind. He should have the ability to learn and teach others either literally or through actions.He should not be using any drug whether legal or illegal as it may interfere with his judgment ability. He should not have characters that may bring out a negative impression about him such as walking out on people. Should be patient and without greed, without jealous or envy and he should be able to bring up a morally upright family. It sh ould also include the current requirements but the clause that locks out immigrants from running for presidency should be done away with.Sections like the one with the age limit of a candidate should also be retained because they will ensure that the individual has enough experience before he/she is entrusted to lead the country. Political experience should be a must because it will be through that experience that he will know how things are run in the government and make necessary amendments to poor policies. The type of work that the individual is involved in should not be a factor in determining the qualities because there have been successful presidents in the History of America who had humble jobs like Jimmy Carter who was a peasant (Robert, 2006).These qualities will help the candidate to effectively run the government because such a candidate will be able to win the confidence and support of the citizen aspects that are considered to be important for successful governance. Re ferences Robert J. P. (2006). Qualifications and Attributes to become the President of the United States of America, http://www. lulu. com/items/volume_12/244000/244718/1/print/244718. pdf Michael, T. (2009). The Contemporary Presidency: Constitutional Reform and the Presidency: The Recent Effort to Repeal the Natural-Born Citizen Requirement. Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39,

Meeting Scene Romeo and Juliet VS Gnomeo and Juliet Essay

The famous play Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, is the tale of two star-crossed lovers. Romeo, the only heir of Montague, falls in love with Juliet, the heiress of Capulet, but their love is forbidden due to a rivalry between houses resulting in a double suicide. Two adaptations of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet are Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet (2011), portrayed as humorous through various film techniques, and Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet (1996), portrayed as a tragedy through similar film techniques. This will be shown through the use of film techniques like language, camera angles and mise-en-scene. Fristly, language features are used by both Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet and Asbury’s version of Gnomeo and Juliet. In Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet language features such as similes are being used in the meeting scene. Romeo is comparing Juliet to a saint and himself to a pilgrim. He is saying that as it’s a long last, when he finally found the object of his reverence. Romeo takes her hands, and offered to kiss away and damage he might of has caused or may have been committed in the process. This is evident when Romeo states, â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand this holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready to stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.† Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet uses language to creates the feel of Romeo and Juliet falling in love with each other before they find out who they really are. The heartbreak and knowing that both parents won’t allow them together is tragic. In Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet play on words are used all throughout the film. In the meeting scene Gnomeo and Juliet are mucking around with each other as they both want the flower. As Juliet gets the flower from Gnomeo she states, â€Å"Who’s your Gnomeo now?† This used for when Juliet steals the Orchid from Gnomeo as they are play around with each other. This leads to Juliet flirting with Gnomeo as she develops feelings for him this creates a feel of happiness and cheerful between the character and the audience. The different language features that have been used in both films shows that the two have both constructed two different versions of William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet. Secondly, the use of camera angles are used in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet to show the tragic and emotion effect the film has on the audience. In Asbury’s Gnomeo  and Juliet the camera angle creates a romantic and humorous. This is shown in Luhrmann’s version through the low angle when Romeo and Juliet meet and realise who they actually are. The low angle is for Romeo when he runs after Juliet to see where she is going then finds her with her mother Mrs Capulet. The camera angle captures the Romeo’s facial expression, his confusion that his one true love is his family emery and now Romeo doesn’t understand why someone so prefect in his eyes could be his family worst emery of them all. In the Asbury’s version of Gnomeo and Juliet the camera angles are used to show that the film is humorous. The camera angle that has been used in the meeting scene Gnomeo and Juliet is an eye level angle; this is shown when Gnomeo and Juliet climbing up the glasshouse and when they both reach for the Orchid. The purpose behind using eye level angle is used to create the scene romantic when they touch for the first time. The camera angle is used to make the audience think that the two are in love and they are meant to be together forever right then and here. Camera angles are used in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet to show the tragedy. The camera angles are used in Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet to show the humorous through the camera angles as Gnomeo and Juliet. In addition, the use of mise-en-scene things such as props, costumes, lighting, facial expressions and placement are used throughout both films. Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet the costumes played a big part in the meeting scene. In the scene Romeo is dressed up as a knight and Juliet is dressed up as an angel. Romeo see’s Juliet for what she really is, an angel in his eyes.

Battle Of Antietam Essays - Military Personnel, American Civil War

Battle Of Antietam Essays - Military Personnel, American Civil War Battle Of Antietam The Battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862. The United States Army of the Potomac led by General George B. McClellan fought against the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia led by General Robert E. Lee. The battle was fought along the Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Both of the armies were densely concentrated in the Sharpsburg area, and it was a very bloody battle. The Union Army lost over twelve thousand men, while the Confederate Army lost around ten thousand men. General Robert E. Lee narrowly escaped defeat this battle and the lack of men cause him and his army to retreat back in to Virginia. Lee had good reason for wanting to bring Maryland into the Confederacy. With having Maryland, he would have good location to attack the major cities like Washington D.C. and Philadelphia. It would also give him a chance to get to the rich farmland of the North that would give his army supplies of food. Lee split up his army of fifty thousand men, sending Stonewall Jackson to capture the Union arsenal at Harpers Ferry. He told James Longstreet to move north towards Hagerstown, Maryland. Smaller groups were left with the task of guarding against McClellans troops. Even with all the planning, his adventure seemed to be doomed from the very beginning. The people of Maryland did not give Lee and his Confederate troops a happy welcome. Instead of being treated like heroes as Lee thought, they were treated like invaders. Even the secessionist from Maryland did not like the idea of the Confederacy invading their state. Lee was setback once again when a letter containing his plan of attacks a nd the locations of all Confederate troops were found by a Union private near Frederick, Maryland. If McClellan had moved quickly, he could have easily crushed Lees army and ended the whole war altogether. But McClellan did not move quickly enough and within twenty-four hours, Lee learned of his danger and pulled his troops to Sharpsburg. On September 15, Stonewall Jackson captured Harpers Ferry and was moving to join up with Lee at Sharpsburg. When Lee arrived at Sharpsburg, he met Longstreet and, with their troops, they occupied a ridge overlooking the Antietam Creek. Later on during that very same day, McClellans troops, under the command of Major General Ambrose Burnside came up and occupied the other side of the creek. Longstreet was horribly outnumbered, almost five to one, but McClellan did not order the attack. Instead, he took an entire and studied the situation. During the time McClellan took to study the situation, Jacksons forces rejoined Lee, and another Confederate div ision under the command of General A.P. Hill, was moving to join Lee. On September 17, 1862, the Battle of Antietam, or Sharpsburg, began. There was a massive attack of cannon and rifle fire. General Joseph Hookers men crushed the Rebel troops. Only a counterattack by a Texan force kept the Yankees from breaking the Confederate line. Hooker threw his troops up against the Rebels, causing heavy losses. Several hours later, General Mansfields Union Corps struck at Hoods men in the second Union attack. Mansfield was killed almost instantly, but that did no stop the fighting that just raged on and for hours the pattern attack and retreat was just repeated. Neither side seemed to get the clear advantage. In the third attack of the day, General Sumners Corps found themselves caught in a pocket and in a matter of minutes, over 2,000 men fell to the ground. The fourth Union attack of the day, two other divisions of Sumners Corps were met by Daniel Harvey Hills troops at a suknen road in the middle of the Confederate position. Since this was the site of some of the most bitter and desperate fighting of the day, that area was called The Bloody Lane. The Union troops just kept on pushing forward and finally reached a position that overlooked the entire battlefield. At this point, McClellan had another chance to end the battle just by sending a large-scale attack from their high ground, but the call never came. After trying to cross the creek over the bridge, which is now named after him,

Marching on Essay Example

Marching on Essay Example Marching on Essay Marching on Essay Essay Topic: Everything Is Illuminated As I walked through the schools doors the summer before tenth grade into the blazing sun, I wondered if the choice I had made would be worthwhile. I wondered if I was going to fit in and be accepted. I instantly realized those few moments of worrying where a pointless waste of time as the Marching Band welcomed me as the newest member of the color guard. Over time, I was taught drop spins, a multitude of tosses, Jazz running, as well as spinning rifles, but little did I know I was learning so much more than the physical. The mental and moral example of hard work, ordination, and acceptance of others was impressed upon me. Marching band has equipped me with lessons and values that will stay with me for a lifetime. I immediately learned the definition of hard work. Beginning in mid July, I invested innumerable hours and days practicing in the elements. Those practices where filled with frustration, bumps and bruises, and the occasional want to give up, but I drove on. The time and duties of practicing tirelessly, nursing sore muscles, and spending more time than preferred at school progressed into an amazing show for fans present at the Friday night football games. The practicing stopped only after I stepped off of the field after the last show of the season, but the time put in was worth the rush and pride of the amazing feature I had displayed as a member of the color guard. Through color guard I was introduced to my desire and capacity to work tirelessly toward a goal that will benefit my happiness and success. Second, the necessity of team work was instilled within me. Vive learned that as a whole we are much more than what an individual could hold. One may look at me as I toss a six foot flag into the air and say, anemia, thats pretty cool. But if we cooperate with each other I could spin through the drum line into the toss and make the crowd catch their breath in anticipation. I was also taught the downfalls of not working together while working on executing the same move on a different day as the drum line did not coordinate their footwork with mine, and the defenseless horn line suffered from a flag to the head. The stressful and smooth moments during our practices and shows have illuminated the importance of working with others as a team player. Lastly, I learned to look beyond the label pressed upon me by others. A superficial glance would reveal to many that I was a part of a stereotypical group of nerds, but in reality Marching Band is an accumulation of several different walks of life. We are implemented with a sense of community that reveals to us that, together, we are much more than any one of the individuals comprising the band. I was part of a family that consisted of artists, musicians, and athletes alike. What brings the diverse group together though, is the rejection of the preconceived idea, enjoyment of performing, and the dignity in knowing we gave everything we could despite the action that marching band consists purely of geeks. Marching Band provides a sense of recognition that far too many kids are deprived of today. When the season, the applause, and the bonding of a family came to a close I walked away from the field a different person. Friends were made and my life was altered for the rest of my life. I will always remember my days as a guard girl, but more importantly I will that needs to be reintroduced into todays youth. From now on if someone wants to truly know me, they cannot walk a mile in my shoes, they must march.

Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine

Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine When todays doctors prescribe an antibiotic to fight infection, they are trying to put the patients body back in balance. While the drugs and medical explanation may be new, this art of equilibrium has been practiced since  Hippocrates day.   I do anatomize and cut up these poor beasts, he said to Hippocrates, to see the cause of these distempers, vanities, and follies, which are the burden of all creatures.- Democritus - The History of Melancholy Humors Corresponding With  the Seasons and Elements In the Hippocratic corpus (believed not to be the work of a single man of that name) disease was thought to be caused by isonomia, the preponderance of one of the four bodily humors: Yellow BileBlack BilePhlegmBlood Four humors matched the four seasons: Autumn: black bileSpring: bloodWinter: phlegmSummer: yellow bile Each of the humors was  associated with one of the four equal and universal elements: EarthAirFireWater Posited by Empedocles: Aristotle, who used the image of wine to expose the nature of black bile. Black bile, just like the juice of grapes, contains pneuma, which provokes hypochondriac diseases like melancholia. Black bile like wine is prone to ferment and produce an alternation of depression and anger...-From Linets The History of Melancholy Earth corresponds with  black bile.  Too much earth made one  melancholic.Air corresponds with blood. Too much air,  sanguine.Fire  corresponds with  yellow bile.  Too much fire,  choleric.Water  corresponds with  phlegm.  Too much water,  phlegmatic. Finally, each element/humor/season was associated with certain qualities. Thus yellow bile was thought of as hot and dry. Its opposite, phlegm (the mucus of colds), was cold and moist. Black Bile was cold and dry, while its opposite, blood was hot and moist. Black Bile: Cold and DryBlood: Hot and MoistPhlegm: Cold and MoistYellow Bile: Hot and Dry As a first step, the prudent Hippocratic physician would prescribe a regimen of diet, activity, and exercise, designed to void the body of the imbalanced humor. According to Gary Lindquesters History of Human Disease,  if it was a fevera hot, dry diseasethe culprit was yellow bile. So, the doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If the opposite situation prevailed (as in a cold), where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine. Resorting to Drugs If the regimen didnt work the next course would be with drugs, often hellebore, a potent poison that would cause vomiting and diarrhea, signs the imbalanced humor was eliminated. Observation of Anatomy We might assume such Hippocratic ideas sprang from speculation rather than experimentation, but observation played a key role. Furthermore, it would be simplistic to say ancient Greco-Roman doctors never practiced human dissection. If nothing else, doctors had anatomical experience dealing with war wounds. But especially during the Hellenistic period, there was extensive contact with the Egyptians whose embalming techniques involved removing bodily organs. In the third century, B.C. vivisection was permitted in Alexandria where living criminals may have been put to the knife. Still, we believe Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, among others, only dissected animal bodies, not human. So mans internal structure was known primarily through analogy with animals, inferences from the externally visible structures, from natural philosophy, and from function. Evaluating the Humoral Theory Such ideas might seem far-fetched today, but Hippocratic medicine was a great advance over the supernatural model that had preceded it. Even if individuals had understood enough about contagion to realize rodents were involved somehow, it was still the Homeric Apollo, the mouse god, who caused it. The Hippocratic etiology based on nature permitted diagnosis and treatment of symptoms with something other than prayer and sacrifice. Besides, we rely on similar analogies today, in Jungian personality types and ayurvedic medicine, to name two. These men demonstrated that when the nutriment becomes altered in the veins by the innate heat, blood is produced when it is in moderation, and the other humours when it is not in proper proportion.-Galen, On the Natural Faculties Bk II Black Bile Cold and Dry Too much earth Melancholic Autumn Blood Hot and Moist Too much air Sanguine Sping Phlegm Cold and Moist Too much water Phlegmatic Winter Yellow Bile Hot and Dry Too much fire Choleric Summer S​ources   www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol2no2/v2n2_The_History_of_Melancholy.html  Ã‚  www.astro.virginia.edu/~eww6n/bios/HippocratesofCos.html]www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/textn.htm accessedviator.ucs.indiana.edu/~ancmed/foundations.htm]  www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htmwww.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htm

Legal Issue Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Issue - Research Paper Example There may be any number of reasons for which the parents, or the single parent, may be unable to educate their child (No Child Left Behind). The aim and purpose of NCLB is to ensure the child's education through primary and secondary schools. This aim and purpose is accomplished in case the parents are doing well together. However, social conditions now are such that there are increasing numbers of single parent managing a child or children. There are also cases where either both or one of the parents are drug addicts. In such cases, it becomes difficult for the child to study. His concentration level is low and he is disturbed. The law steps in to take charge of the child in case there is nobody else among close relatives to look after the child. After the parents, the next person closer to the child is the teacher. The teacher understands the strength and weakness of the child being entrusted with the responsibility of teaching and guiding the child. In the circumstance, it is also necessary for the teacher to keep herself abreast the laws that govern her relationship with the child. No two children are equal. And there are children who may have behavioral problems and/or problems connected to their studies. Also, there are children who live in the regular family with their parents and there are children who live in the care of foster parents. ... The teacher who is knowledgeable about the legal requirements and implications in bringing up a child has an edge over the teacher who has no knowledge about the legal necessities. Laws can be powerful tools to meet the educational needs of children in foster care. However, like any tools, if the teacher does not know how to use them, they do not provide much help. This does not imply that the teacher has to be so conversant with law that she is as good as any practicing lawyer. But it does mean that she must have enough knowledge to understand the child welfare system so that the educational need of the child is better served. The teacher must take special care to understand that children in foster care receive the same right to education as all children, understand what laws have specific provisions for children in foster care, teenage girls who become pregnant before completing high school cannot be segregated in special programs and they cannot be excluded from school entirely. Moreover, the Family Education Rights and Privacy Acts (FERPA) of 1974 provides rights to parents to inspect and review their child's education records maintained by the school, to a hearing challenging what is in the student's education record, and to not have education records released to third parties without the written consent of the parent. Most states provide for criminal sanctions for parents whose children do not attend school within the required ages. Secondly, federal laws related to education have financial incentives attached to encourage state compliance in educating the children of their state (Child Law Practice). The child and the state The role of parents or foster parents becomes secondary in the matter of educating the child. This is not to say that the role of

A paper about a short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

A paper about a short story - Essay Example the story where he points out that Matman happens to be a voodoo practitioner, he then described some of the rituals that she sometimes performs that cause her to sometimes fall down to the ground and commence rolling about under the glowing moon (DeSanto 2013). After conducting these bizarre ritual, Matman would then proceed to walk back to the house to eat. An analysis of this incidence seems to suggest to the reader that to Matman and her family, that the occurrence of such an event is a normal everyday event, this is despite of the fact that such actions would generally be regarded by the larger society as being quite bizarre. DeSanto also undertakes to try and normalize some gruesome incidents in the story and describes how after Lord Invader had attacked and mauled the ear of one of the neighborhood boys while he was busy playing a game of basketball, Dà ©dà © had proceeded to beat him out there in the street before leading the dog home. When the boy’s father had turned up at the house, he had insisted on having the dog killed and on his threatening the Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s family, Dà ©dà © had agreed to kill the dog. Dà ©dà © had then slit the dog’s throat during a brief ceremony that had commenced with Matman whispering a Haitian death song that quickly turned into howls. After slitting the dog’s throat Dà ©dà © had proceeded to give it a brief eulogy by whispering â€Å"Lawd Invadar. I lahved you† (DeSanto 2012). By the delivery of the somewhat ordinary eulogy after Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s character had conducted a bizarre ceremony in which he killed his dog, DeSanto is seen to engage in an attempt where he tries to normalize a gruesome event in which a dog is butchered in a bizarre ceremony. The normalization of the bizarre is also seen to be employed by DeSanto in his narration of how John took off all his clothes and ran around the neighborhood while only wearing a bone necklace and then proceeded to dig up the remain of Lord Invader in the rain (DeSanto 2012). The humming of

Protecting intellectual property rights in software Assignment

Protecting intellectual property rights in software - Assignment Example This paper examines the types of copying and how they can be protected using the intellectual property rights protections such as patents, copyrights, and trademarks. To begin with, software market loses billions of dollars every year because of illegal copying. This has particularly been witnessed in Qatar where report shows that the country has lost millions of dollars to pirates in the software industry (Banerjee 2003, p.98). The duplication is usually done in two different ways namely software duplication and reverse engineering. Through these two methods, pirates have found it easy to duplicate the original works of others and use the pirated software to enrich themselves at the expense of the original producers (Banerjee 2003, p.98). In fact, presently most software shops in Qatar are full of illegally acquired software. However, as earlier stated, this is a global problem that needs joint effort through legislation of policies to protect the intellectual property rights in the software industry. However, there exist three different methods through which intellectual property rights in the software industry can be protected. These include patents, copyrights, and trademarks. All these methods protect software rights in different ways. A patent is one of the most common intellectual property rights protections. ... A patent usually provides this protection by granting exclusive monopoly the right to produce, sell, and utilize the invention for twenty years (Banerjee 2003, p.99). Report indicates that the exclusive monopoly for production, use, and sale of the software are usually perceived as a reward for the effort and time spent in coming up with the new invention. Report by Business Software Alliance (2009, p.5) indicated that in countries like the U.S. in order for an inventor to obtain a patent, he or she must make a formal application to the Patent Office and prove that the invention for which protection through patent is being sought is actually new, important, and unique according to Banerjee (2003, p.99). Patents are indeed a very useful tool for protecting software. This is based on the fact it is capable of protecting program features that other methods such as trademarks and copyrights cannot (Banerjee 2003, p.99). This is because a patent can protect features such as an inventorâ⠂¬â„¢s ideas, methods, functions, algorithms, and systems personified in the software product. In this regard, it also provides protection to software features such as user-interface features, program language, editing functions, operating system techniques, translation methods, menu arrangements, and compiling techniques among others. Once a patent has been granted for a particular software, it immediately becomes illegal for anyone to produce, use, or sell such patented products without the consent of the owner. Therefore, any contravention amounts to a breach of the law, which usually results into penalties and damages and sometimes may result in incarceration (Arai 2012, p.2). It, therefore, becomes very important for

What is Abortion and is it Morally Permissible Essay

What is Abortion and is it Morally Permissible - Essay Example In order to determine the ‘rightness’ or the ‘wrongness’ of the issue of abortion, virtue ethics can frame the issue, but the questions becomes how to define what is virtue and by whose standards it is defined. In deciding how to discuss abortion, defining the morality of the procedure is dependent upon the personal morals of the individual as they are influenced by their beliefs systems concerning the value of the life within the womb. The effect in the UK as abortion was made legal was profound. After the Abortion Act of 1968 came into existence the first observable consequence was a dramatic drop in emergent medical care as a result of poorly executed and illegal abortions. The number of abortions performed in the first year in England, Wales, and Scotland numbered at 23,641, which rose to 54,819 in 1969 and 160,000 in 1972.1 Through an examination of the statistics, the numbers reveal that a great number of people have determined that the procedure has v alue to them and that the morality of having the procedure either is irrelevant or they are in support of abortion as a moral choice. In addition, the number of women dying each year from poorly executed illegal abortions between 1926 and 1935 was between 400 and 500 per year.2 From this perspective, legal abortion saves the lives of women who might otherwise seek an illegal procedure. The morality of abortion can be related to defining the meaning of the concept. From a social standpoint, however, the definition of abortion becomes much more complicated. Abortion is a cause, it is a crime, it is a political stance, and it is a perspective, all depending on the belief systems within which it is being considered. One perspective on the impact of abortion on gender relations is that it was a contributing factor to increased freedoms for women so that they could participate in the public sector, having jobs and conducting business on an equal basis to men. From another perspective, abo rtion has contributed to an increase in promiscuity which is based on the premise that pregnancy no longer must be a sign of immoral behaviour as the consequences to that behaviour can be eliminated.3 Thomson relates an example of how abortion can be viewed as a right for women. The parable that is used is based on the idea that a grown musician is in medical peril and the music association decides to attach the musician, through a tube, to another person in order to continue his life. Although the person has not given permission for the tube to be attached to save this person’s life, the removal of this tube will kill the musician. The moral question that Thomson poses is whether or not the person who is facilitating the life of the musician is morally obligated to continue to do so because cutting off the ties between them would kill the musician.4 Thomson is suggesting that the individual who is tied to the musician has a right to leave the situation as they were not given the option or choice in facilitating the continuation of the musician’s life. The morality involved is about choice. The right thing to do is dependent upon the choices that an individual makes about how they perceive their obligations within this world. A person who believes that the initial crime of being hooked up to another individual without permission is the moral parable that defines the situation will believe that abortion is a natural extension of individual rights and is morally acceptable. The decision to abort a foetus that will become a child that cannot be cared for appropriately or whose existence will irreparably damage the life of a woman may exert a sense of morality over

Writing reports and proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing reports and proposal - Assignment Example The overall outlook of this job profile is very lucrative for both the employee and the employer. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the value of the marketing manager in the business settings. The principal responsibility of a marketing manager is associated with managing the business operations of a company. The job requires managing the resources available to the company effectively in order to create effective marketing policies and strategies. The marketing manager is often given the responsibility to handle the issues related to a single product, in case the product is of vital importance and when marketing of such products is very complicated. There can be circumstances when the marketing manager will be viewed as a general manager and given the responsibility to handle a wide range of products and services. Organizations which operate in a large scale can thus, employ and appoint several marketing managers for handling different products. Small firms on the other hand do not engage more than one marketing managers because of its limited business operations. The marketing manager should be highly creative and he should always keep on developing innovative ideas. He should be articulate and have an ability of communicating ideas effectively to his subordinates. The marketing manager should intensively promote the products of the company and work in an organized way (Brownlie and Saren, 147-161). The job duties vary with the structure and functions of the organization. It also differs with the sector of business operations. The duty of the marketing manager may involve a range of activities. The foremost responsibility of a marketing manager is to analyze and conduct research about the major trends prevailing in the market. They should have the skills to identify the potential target markets. It is the responsibility of the marketing managers to cater to those markets with innovative

2-1-3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

2-1-3 - Essay Example heightened awareness of environmental problems such as climate change and the extreme dependence on economically unreliable supply of fossil fuels and their dwindling reserves. The European Union (EU) has been at the forefront of attempting to gradually adapt the concept of environmental sustainability. EU’s current target is to be able to supply 20% of its energy requirements through renewable energy by 2020 (European Commission 2010). EU’s gradual adoption of renewable energy as a significant resource as part of its total energy supply is an attempt to secure a long term supply of energy for its residents while at the same time reducing the negative effects of energy use on the environment by reducing the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the primary cause of greenhouse emissions. Not only that, there is a finite supply of fossil fuels reserves which are being consumed at an accelerating rate. The fact that fossil fuels are the primary energy resource and provide the feedstock for almost all of the manufacturing industry at some stage of production calls for a need for the conservation of these resources and the search for alternates. The environmentally sustainable nature of renewable energy is inherently more economically stable and therefore will remain more affordable in the future compared to the unreliable and volatile fossil fuel market. One of the renewable energy initiatives the EU is promoting is the use of biofuels. A biofuel is any fuel that is obtained from a renewable biological resource, such as wood or as in the case of EU’s new and largest biofuel refinery situated in Britain, wheat. The biofuel energy model works on the principal that plants not only provide a renewable source of fuel compared to finite fossil fuel reserves, they also fit into the current carbon cycle and provide us with fuel by using carbon dioxide already present in the atmosphere instead of introducing more carbon by releasing it from fossil fuels. Other

Writing reports and proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing reports and proposal - Assignment Example The overall outlook of this job profile is very lucrative for both the employee and the employer. Thus, it becomes imperative to understand the value of the marketing manager in the business settings. The principal responsibility of a marketing manager is associated with managing the business operations of a company. The job requires managing the resources available to the company effectively in order to create effective marketing policies and strategies. The marketing manager is often given the responsibility to handle the issues related to a single product, in case the product is of vital importance and when marketing of such products is very complicated. There can be circumstances when the marketing manager will be viewed as a general manager and given the responsibility to handle a wide range of products and services. Organizations which operate in a large scale can thus, employ and appoint several marketing managers for handling different products. Small firms on the other hand do not engage more than one marketing managers because of its limited business operations. The marketing manager should be highly creative and he should always keep on developing innovative ideas. He should be articulate and have an ability of communicating ideas effectively to his subordinates. The marketing manager should intensively promote the products of the company and work in an organized way (Brownlie and Saren, 147-161). The job duties vary with the structure and functions of the organization. It also differs with the sector of business operations. The duty of the marketing manager may involve a range of activities. The foremost responsibility of a marketing manager is to analyze and conduct research about the major trends prevailing in the market. They should have the skills to identify the potential target markets. It is the responsibility of the marketing managers to cater to those markets with innovative

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My country, India, is on the threshold of hectic development in infrastructure like roads, bridges, highways, expressways etc. India is in a tearing hurry to make up the lost time and catch up with the developed world and achieving better standard of living. Civil engineering will play a major role in changing the face of Indian Panorama. When we go for modern bridges, high rise buildings or ultra-modern condominiums; structural engineering will form the center stage of engineering development. Being the son of an engineer who is running a construction company in Mumbai for past 25 years, the exposure to civil engineering was available to me from my childhood. This field fascinated me, when I used to join my father during vacations on his projects. Thus, as far as future career was concerned, I had already decided that I should carry on the business established by my father. Only aim was that I would like to reach much greater heights in scope, expanse and technology. During my schooling and college days, where I had high academic profile, I was focused on opting for civil engineering and when I got an admission for undergraduate studies in a premier Institute like S. P. College of Engineering, which is reckoned next to IIT’s in stature and standing, I was extremely happy and decided to make the best of the opportunities offered. I found structural engineering subject very interesting as it forms the heart of any structure, be it building, bridge or highway. In my final year project, I got an opportunity to study the construction of the tallest buildings being built by a premier construction company of Mumbai. These 60 storey high rises will be the tallest in Mumbai. I was exposed to modern construction methods and management and the use of modern equipments. I could see the use of concrete batching plant (which is seldom used in India) and tower cranes on this site. For the first time, I learnt how quality control of materials is carried out to ensure safe and efficient construction, or the steps taken to improve ground stability like rock bolting and guniting etc. This project gave me an insight in how much development has taken place in civil engineering. It has firmed up my resolve to do graduate studies in structural engineering, get in-depth knowledge and exposure in the field and later, develop family construction business further. Your University with its excellent facilities, highly qualified faculty and worldclass infrastructure is the right place for pursuing graduate studies in structural engineering and if given a chance, I shall make the best out of it.

Should Alternative Dispute Resolution be Made Compulsory?

Should Alternative Dispute Resolution be Made Compulsory? Introduction. It is a sad fact of life that disputes can and do arise from even the most trivial incidents and activities. They are always totally unexpected and usually highly predictable.[1] For a long time, people have been worried about civil litigation. It is costly, time consuming, worrying and takes a long time to decide.[2] Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) is a term which refers to various procedures developed in the United States over the last 15 years or so in an attempt to overcome some of the weaknesses in the litigation and arbitration processes.[3] This essay will look at Alternative Dispute Resolution in England. I will start by looking at the concept of Alternative dispute resolution. I will briefly examine Lord Phillip’s speech delivered in India on 29 March 2008. Finally, I will give my views on whether Alternative Dispute Resolution should be made compulsory in England and the problems that would be encountered if Alternative Dispute Resolution is made compulsory in England. Alternative Dispute Resolution A focus on rights has played a significant part in the transformation of Western political culture from the harmony ideology of feudal societies in to 20th century participatory democracy. However, 30 years on from the birth of the civil rights movement in the United States, there are those who now express scepticism over the achievements of a rights oriented public culture.[4] As a consequence, some now propose a rethinking of rights ideology, as both a method of dispute resolution and a definition of social relations, and the development of alternative process for dealing with conflicts and claims.[5] Such strategies are generally described as offering alternatives, since adjudication according to rights remains the formal approach to dispute resolution in the west.[6] In common law jurisdictions, conversation about alternatives to litigation began to take institutional shape from the early 1980’s, in a range of disparate experimental procedures sharing the common label ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution’, with its universal acronym ADR.[7] The relationship of this growing complex of practices to lawyer negotiations, litigation and adjudication is far from straight forward. Some of the innovations taking place are directed towards speedy settlement of disputes between litigants without the involvement of lawyers, others appear to be implicated in, and are indeed extensions of legal practice, while others appear as supplements to, or modifications of court process.[8] The English Legal System is based on the adversarial system of litigation. This means that both sides to a case separately prepare their respective submissions and then arrive at court and participate in a quasi-gladiatorial contest until the tribunal of fact (in civil trials this usually being a judge) pronounces the winner.[9] In recent times, there is now been an acceptance that alternatives to the adversarial system of justice may be appropriate due to the high cost involved in the adversarial system of justice. One of the easiest alternatives to implement is to encourage disputes to be resolved other than by recourse to litigation. This has led to the establishment of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).[10] Since 1990, many British lawyers, have taken an active interest in ADR, as a means of avoiding the public and private expense and the private pain of litigation.[11] The increased importance of ADR mechanisms has been signalled in both legislation and court procedures. For example the Commercial Court issued a practice statement in 1993, stating that it wished to encourage ADR, and followed this in 1996 with a further direction allowing judges to consider whether a case is suitable for ADR at its outset, and to invite the parties to attempt a neutral non-court settlement of their dispute.[12] In cases in the Court of Appeal, the Master of the Rolls now writes to the parties, urging them to consider ADR and asking them for their reasons for declining to use it. Rule 26.4 of the Civil Procedure rules (CPR) 1998 enables judges, either on their own account or at the agreement of both parties, to stop court proceedings where they consider the dispute to be best suited to solution by some alternative procedure, such as arbitration or mediation.[13] There is no universally accepted definition of ADR. The phrase ADR encompasses a range of procedures other than litigation which are designed to resolve conflicts. ADR processes include negotiation, mediation, conciliation, expert determination, adjudication, and arbitration.[14] Alternative Dispute Resolution or ADR may be defined, ‘’as a range of procedures that serve as alternatives to litigation through courts for the resolution of disputes, generally involving the intercession and assistance of a neutral and impartial third party. In some definitions, and more commonly it excludes all forms of adjudication.[15] The Department for Constitutional Affairs defines ADR as , ‘’ The collective term for the ways that parties can settle civil disputes, with the help of an independent third party and without the need for a formal court hearing.[16] There are three principle forms of ADR. Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation. Some commentators argue that ADR can be divided in to two classes, those being adjudicative and consensual.[17] The former is called arbitration, and it is quite similar to court proceedings and this has led critics to ask, if there is anything alternative about ADR.[18] Four goals of ADR are : To relieve court congestion, as well as undue delay and cost; to enhance community involvement in the dispute resolution process; to facilitate access to justice and finally; to provide more effective dispute resolution.[19] Lord Phillip is a staunch supporter of Alternative Dispute Resolution. I believe that he wants ADR to be made compulsory in England Conclusion. Alternative Dispute Resolution no doubt has many advantages. There is a chance that you may quickly resolve your problem and you may be awarded compensation. The procedure is less formal court proceedings. In some cases, the decision may be binding on one of the parties, but not on the other party, thereby leaving one party free to pursue the matter through the court if he wishes. Alternative Dispute Resolution is usually much cheaper than going to court and the procedure is confidential. ADR will be difficult in disputes between more than two parties, where the parties have not already contracted for a consolidated arbitration and the parties will not agree to arbitration, going to court is potentially the only way of getting interlocking disputes resolved by the same tribunal.[20] A party that is proposing to enter a number of related contracts should particularly bear this situation at the drafting stage. There are two specific aspects to the matter. First, the related contracts should provide for an identical scheme of dispute resolution otherwise that party may find itself involves mediation or arbitration or litigation depending on which other party is involved.[21] Secondly, the drafting must address the need for multi party proceedings, and establish a back to back set of contractual obligations for this purpose. A difference in the powers at different levels will make the mufti-party proceeding very difficult to conduct.[22] If these two aspects of the matter are not addressed, the parties will be better off, with litigation as the fall back method of dispute resolution.[23] Where a number of actions raise substantially similar issues, such that a decision in one of them will probably enable the parties in the others to compromise their dispute, litigation is likely to be preferable[24]. Where there is a difficult question of interpretation of common form contract, or of the application of a common form of contract to some event which affects a large number of similar contracts or the operation of a market, it may well be preferable to obtain an authoritative ruing of the courts on the point.[25] In numerous jurisdictions, legislation ensures that in the case of a consumer dispute, where the terms upon which the consumer purchased the goods or services includes an arbitration clause, the consumer has a choice of whether to take his dispute to arbitration or litigation.[26] Bibliography Bevan, A.H (1992) Alternative Dispute Resolution, Sweet Maxwell, London Brown, H Marriott, A (1999) ADR Principles and Practice, Sweet Maxwell, London d’Ambrumenil, P.L (1998) What is Dispute Resolution, LLP Referencing Publishing, London Darbyshire, P (1992) English Legal System, Seventh Edition, Sweet Maxwell, London Elliot, C Quinn, F (2005) English Legal System, Sixth Edition, Pearson, Harlow Fiadjoe, A (2004) Alternative Dispute Resolution: A developing world perspective, Cavendish, London. Frank, E (2003) How Arbitration Works, Sixth Edition, Bureau of National Affairs, Washington D.C Freeman, M (ed.) (2006) Alternative Dispute Resolution, Dartmouth Publishing, Aldershot Gillespie, A (2007) The English Legal System, Oxford University Press, Oxford Lord, Phillips (2008) Alternative Dispute Resolution: An English View Point, can be assessed at http://innertemplelibrary.wordpress.com/2008/04/04/alternative-dispute-resolution-an-english-viewpoint-judiciary-of-england-and-wales/> MacFarlane, J, (ed.) (1997) Rethinking Disputes: The Mediation Alternative, Cavendish, London Palmer, M Roberts, S (1998) Dispute Processes, ADR and the Primary Forms of Decision Making, Butterworths, London Petley, M (1992) Alternative Dispute Resolution: An Introduction, College of Law, London Slapper, G Kelly, D (2003) The English Legal System, Cavendish, London Tweeddale, A and Tweeddale, K (2005) Arbitration of Commercial Disputes, Oxford University Press, Oxford Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (2003) Bernstein’s Handbook of Arbitration and Dispute Resolution, Sweet Maxwell, London 1 Footnotes [1] d’Ambrumenil, (1998) p.5 [2] Bevan (1992) p.2 [3] Bevan, (ibid) p.2 [4] MccFarlane, J (1997) p.1 [5] MccFarlane, J (ibid) p.2 [6] MccFarlane, J (ibid) p.2 [7] Palmer, M Roberts, S (1998) p.2 [8] Palmer, M Roberts, S (ibid) p.2 [9] Gillespie, A (2007) p.469 [10] Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [11] Darbyshire, P (1992) p.12 [12] Slapper, G Kelly, D (2003) p.314 [13] Slapper, G Kelly, D (ibid) p.314 [14] Tweeddale, A Tweeddale, K (2005) [15] Brown, H Marriott, A (1999) p.12 [16] citied in Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [17] Shipman, 2006 p.182 cited in Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [18] Boon and Levin, 1999, p.373 Gillespie, A (ibid) p.470 [19] Freeman, M (2006) p.98 [20] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (2003)p.22 [21] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [22] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [23] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [24] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23 [25] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.23-24 [26] Tackaberry, J Marriott, A (ibid)p.24

Essay --

Makeup Essay 2 The only reason that I missed my lab quiz was because I own a company named Loan Modification Relief Center. What we specialize in is saving clients from loosing their homes to foreclosure, sale dates and help put them in a better situation. On the day of the 2nd lab quiz, I had 3 clients that were about to loose their homes and I don’t pass that job on to anyone else simply because I have that old school mentality that if I don’t do it myself it wont get done right. Since my name is on the line with it being my company I am not willing to tarnish my name so I had to be there to make sure it happen correctly. I’m pleased to say that the time I missed away from school was not wasted on a lazy day or a personal day or just a day off. I was able to postpone the sale dates for all three clients homes. In all honesty I have straight For future reference I assure you that I will not be missing anymore classes, I have done my best to implement an alternative solutions to prevent this situation form occurring again in the future. A’s and I take my schooling very seri...

Shiloh Essay -- essays research papers

Good bye Norma Jean The death of an infant can modify one’s characteristic and psychological behavior to the point of suicide. In Bobbie Ann Mason’s "Shiloh" she leaves the ending of the story for her readers to draw their own conclusion of how Norma Jean leaves her husband Leroy. Most readers see her divorcing Leroy and starting a new life as an independent woman (Cooke 196 par.1). When in fact, this is a story about a bereaved mother who at the end, takes her own life due to the guilt over her child’s death. There are many clues to lead to the fact she took her own life. I found it interesting Bobbie Ann Mason gave the character the name Norma Jean. Norma Jean was also the real name of Marilyn Monroe. Marilyn Monroe’s depression and inability to find lasting happiness resulted in psychological disorders with the end result of her taking her own life. The character Norma Jean fits all the psychological characteristics of behavior change in mothers who are coping with life after losing their child to sudden infant death syndrome. The most common symptoms are anxiety and depression (Boyle 933 par.1). She is always trying to stay busy. First she decided to build her own body up. She goes to the gym or does exercises around the house whenever she is home. Second she decided to take night classes at her local community college. She comes home and writes essays of stories she has read. She never seems to be in a relaxed state of being. These are signs of anxiety. The definition of anxiety is uneasiness. She can’t decide what she wants to do with herself. There are many reasons for her depression. She is trying to cope with the death of her child, her empty marriage to Leroy and her less than supportive mother. The death of her child occurred while she and Leroy were watching a movie at a drive in theater. Her child then four months old was in the back seat. Studies have shown the amount of guilt a parent places upon themselves leads to emotional, psychological, and social consequences (Boyle 933 par 5). The relationship between the two parents becomes difficult to manage and needs tremendous care and guidance to maintain (Boyle 933 par 10). Of all the deaths a person might encounter, the death of a child is very traumatic and likely to lead to most severe consequences. It is reasonable to anticipate that families who lose children from SI... ... She told her husband she was going to leave him, not divorce him. "Everything was fine till Mama caught me smoking." "She won’t leave me alone- you won’t leave me alone. I feel eighteen again. I can’t face that all over again." "No, it wasn’t fine" (Charters 973 par 20 and 22). She is trying to tell him she has not been fine since the death of their baby. Norma Jean has reached the bluff, and she is looking out over the Tennessee River. Now she turns toward Leroy and waves her arms. Is she beckoning to him? She seems to be doing an exercise for her chest muscles. This is where she is waving her arms up in disgust. She has had enough and can not take anymore. Here is a woman who has been depressed since the death of her child. Living in a negative environment of a lifeless marriage and a critical mother. Here is where she plunges backwards into the Tennessee River to end all of her misery. In conclusion, I believe Bobbie Ann Mason’s character Norma Jean was not symbolizing the modern woman striving to find her identity and individuality, but a bereaved mother who’s depression and inability to accept life takes her own.

Game Theory †21 flags winning strategy Essay

There were 21 flags and each player had the opportunity to remove 1,2, or 3 flags. The player that removes the last flags will be the winning team. By applying the backwards induction theory, think backwards in time and the optimal winning strategy is to leave the opponent player 4 flags by each step to remove the flags so that the remaining number is divisible by 4. The player that has the first attempt to remove the 1st flag will control the 100% of whole situation. This is the unbeatable strategy that will lead the whole situation by leaving the opponent player with a multiple of 4 flags. This apply when both player understand the trick of this 21 flags game. By leaving the opponent player with 20 flags at the first attempt, no matter how many flags the opponent player remove, the player that in control could then remove the flags and leave the opponent with 16 flags, then 12 flags, then 8 flags and finally 4 flags which forces the opponent in to a situation where no matter how many flags the opponent player remove, the in charge player will be able to take the last flag. The key of this game is the target number you arrange it so you leave your opponent player with. Then whatever amount of flags the opponent player take, you can remove the remaining 1 to 3 flags that sum up to 4. The first attempt to remove the 1st flag of this 21 flags game has the upper hand. However, if you lost the first attempt to remove this game, you better hope the opponent player do not know the trick of 21 flags. By this, you may still stand a chance to get back the control of this game by playing randomly to confuse the opponent player and try to get back the target number of 4. Unless the opponent understand well the strategy of this game else they most probably will go to make a mistake and allow you to control back the situation by getting back the situation where flags number able to be divide by 4 before ending the game.

Playing Upon the String of Emptiness Essay

Nowadays, the search for something new has been greatly pursued. The availability of resources helped individuals to innovate. It impels them to work beyond the existing rules and surpassing limitations, be it in the field of music, architecture, literature, etc. The modernity of this world brought upon by globalization made it easier to reach cultures. Cultures that were bound by their physical territories before have been accessible because of modern technologies. This easy, unlimited exposure provides endless ideas and innovations that bring about different works of art. For Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, this infinite flow of innovations or novelties offers unrestricted venues for artists to produce their works—venues that are free from rules and do not conform to a certain set of standards. According to him, this poses a threat to the morality of society as well as of the artists’. He argued that novelty is an art with unlimited freedom and thus equates to a soulless art. This perspective was explained in the context of Russian’s struggle with communism which Solzhenitsyn directly experienced. He focused on the deterioration of arts’ standard after the fall of Communism, specifically with literature. Due to the given freedom, arts do not fall under a set of standards, causing the artistic value to suffer. He then related that Communism promoted a new society. To be able to build a new one, the old cultures and traditions should be thrown away: To start a new world is to start from scratch. Solzhenitsyn then compared this situation to the literary artists in his country. They were writing outright criticisms of every aspect of Russian roots like language, religion, and traditional cultures—a move that was so desperate for a change to be made by who he termed as ‘desperate innovators’. The author disapproved of forgetting the roots of any artistic work, for this is important in the development of a new face of art. Solzhenitsyn does not believe in the aggressive step of aiming forward in the arts starting from nothing. Novelty becomes relentless with the absence of ancient roots. It is an unintelligible art with no significant value to the world—an art without a purpose and is useless. Solzhenitsyn cited what kinds of arts were produced because of the frantic novelty frenzy. The arts arising from novelty does not have that spiritual connection from the artist with the world. Since the ‘great cultural tradition’ has been detached, the spiritual grounds that were developed from it are missing as well. Arts were not produced for a greater purpose anymore. Thus, it does not emanate a higher sense of value for the world. It is reduced to a mere display without a profound significance. It was from the author’s observation that the absence of artistic limits has resulted in irresponsibility and apathy. Solzhenitsyn mentioned the ‘what do you care’ attitude of the Russian writers who created literary works when the censorship has been lifted after the downfall of communism. This kind of artistic mindset alienates the welfare of its audience. The line between right and wrong has become thinner, its boundaries blurry and sometimes interchanging. The arts, according to Solzhenitsyn, have been turned into more of a personal ambition of the artists rather than an intentional product of passion and love. He stressed that artists do not bring the world as the subject; they are the focal point. The arts became a movement of personal interests of the artists. Novelty becomes like a venue for affectation. Going back to Solzhenitsyn main argument, novelty became ruthless because it eradicated the classical foundation of arts. Arts cannot push for development if its foundation will be forgotten. It would be more disruptive if it will be forced to progress aggressively without any fundamentals to back it up. Alexander Solzhenitsyn sees novelty as a cause for a more individualistic nature rather than being communal in interaction. He was alarmed by how the current generation responded to old traditions. These traditions were treated as something useless and irrelevant in the present. Novelty was portrayed by the author as something anti-cultural and antagonistic of anything universally accepted. The saying ‘to each his own’ in arts or in general constitutes obscure distinction between good and evil. Another supporting factor for Solzhenitsyn’s argument is that this particular freedom attached with novelty developed into a negative relativity. This has been embraced by young artists who turn self-expression into a lack of sensitivity with regard to the effects of their work to other people. Social responsibility slowly ceased to exist anymore. Artistic freedom has always been believed to be helpful in maximizing an artist’s work. However, Alexander Solzhenitsyn presented an opposite view. The freedom vested on the artist implies a threat of producing an art with is a much lesser value. With no artistic limitations and no principles to follow, art becomes less of a recreation instead of serving a higher purpose. Solzhenitsyn emphasized the need to take the cultural tradition into account because without it, progress will be impossibly successful. He sees novelty as a trend resulting in chaos—socially and morally disruptive. It promotes an individualism that is obviously selfish and divides humanity even more. Innovations should be created for the benefit of others. Arts may be a compiled output of an individual’s unique skills and talents, but there will always be a responsibility attached to it because people get to grasp these works. An art is a huge factor in contributing to the formation of an ideology in a society. It is a powerful tool to propagate a message that can reach a huge number of people. Hence, Solzhenitsyn sees its development as critical because this will determine where the world will be heading to. The world will not be able to move forward without revisiting and considering the past. The cultural traditions within human society should be embedded for development. It is an important basis to learn from past mistakes and to improve on the present. It can be seen that Solzhenitsyn somehow views relentless novelty as the anarchism of art that will later on transcend into society. He mentioned the absence of laws in the process of arts and the lack of absolute truth. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn provided the view of novelty enclosed in a reckless handful of freedom and a lack of traditional grounds. He presented it as something negative because he had witnessed what it did to his people especially to the younger generations. As an artist himself, the author poses a huge concern on what kind of directions the arts would take since he knows the powerful influence of it to the society. He hopes to spread his view to make the younger generations be exposed of what history has brought the Russian country and what were its implications. Solzhenitsyn firmly believes that through history, it may shape the new artists to work for a greater purpose for humanity.