The Northern Ireland Conflict

The Northern Ireland Conflict Each nation on the planet is looking to the harmony and need to carry on with a securely life, respect less their religion or their way if its Christianity, Islam or some other religion. Its a unique want in each one, to look for about harmony. The nation could confront assigns of contentions and conflicts between it self or with other nation on account of the topographical limits, financial matters issues, ethnic faction or due to breaking the understandings. Yet in addition these contentions can be at a similar nation which is causes by ethnics gatherings or common wars, for instance: Lebanon, Iraq and Northern Ireland. These nations confronted common and ethnic wars, which that effect on individuals life. Its murdered a large number of individuals in a brief period, disfigured individuals appearance and qualities crush the nation properties and riches. Likewise it has a risky mental impact on the youngsters (casualties) and the following ages, particularly if the war was at a simi lar nation between the residents. The most striking war, that occurred in Europe since numerous years and rolls out recognizable improvements in Christianity. It is the Catholics and the Protestants battle in the Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland administrative division of the United King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland situated in the northeastern piece of the island of Ireland (Encarta). Also, the rest of the piece of the island is a piece of the republic of Ireland. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast .Northern Ireland populace is roughly 55% Protestants which they are the lion's share and 45% Catholics. This nation is separated relying upon the strict and political lines. The split between the Protestants dominant part and the Roman Catholic minority made a profound clash that impact the districts legislative issues and economy. By the seventeenth century, Protestants British colonizer had ruled the districts Catholic, Gaelic inhabitants. The whole of Ireland was a piece of the United Kingdom until 1920(Encarta). At that point the common ethnic war was breaking out between Loyalist (unionist) Protestants and Nationalist Catholics. The Catholics needed Northern Ireland to be brought together to republic of Ireland toward the south and the Protestants needed to stay in a piece of the United Kingdom. Since the brutality more than 30 years prior, in excess of 3,600 individuals have been murdered in the contention (Film). The island was isolated into tow locales, Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland; both were under United Kingdom controls. The British armed force was sending to rise to the debasement, yet the brutality proceeded particularly the grisly Sunday occasion, when the British gatherings opened the fire on a gathering of Catholic demonstrators and killed 14 individuals. The term utilized in Ireland and the United Kingdom to depict this contention was the (Troubles). This term was to depict the viciousness of 1919-1923 (Encarta). Yet, af ter the Friday understandings the contention halted on 1 walk 1999. The understanding was to affirm the attention to the human rights in the Northern Ireland (BBC). This battle had numerous causes: the nonappearance of sorted out government, each gathering needed to control the nation and the most fundamental reason is the ethnic faction. The locale contained tow gatherings of individuals who are contrasted in political devotion, strict practice and social ethics (Cain). One of them accepted that their property had been taken, while the other was in a steady condition of uneasiness. Northern Ireland is as yet experiencing this contention and its make the two gatherings in a dubious between one another. The most fundamental result from this terrible occasion, by bombarding houses and slaughtered honest individuals, that make the kids passed out the loathes from on age to another and make them think even in their companions and their neighbors, moreover, its makes them live hazardously life they can not confide in any one close to them and show them how to make anomies from the opposite side. Be that as it may, who were experienced extraordinary lost this contention, are as yet attempting to breaking the pattern of savagery in Northern Ireland and they are baying the cost of what their folks have done. The two sides Protestants and Catholics youngsters had experienced this contention. Its rolls out profound improvements in the kids perspective and how they manage other youngsters from the other group. what's more, there are as yet numerous issues without tackling, numerous kids are stayed irate and harms. Like Grace, Colin and Mark those kids are the two Catholics and Protestants the y lost one of their relatives. Each one has his own story, all of them lost one of their beloveds in spite of the fact that they are from various groups yet their experiencing the Trouble is one. (Elegance) lost her dad; he was executed in the contention she lost him when she was two years she despite everything experiencing this contention (un.org). Colin is an another case he is a Protestant kid he is 15 years of age, Colin lives with his siblings and his dad in the most belligerent zone in Belfast. In the highest point of Shankill street (Protestant side) the harmony divider is separated the area out of the Catholic zone. One per day Colin was strolling back home from his school. He use to take the Protestant street yet one time when he get missed out of the Protestant side a gathering of Catholic children hit him cruelly. This occasion keep Colin detests the Catholic youngsters to an ever increasing extent. At a similar time of Shankill famous besieging when Colin was five years of age, ten individuals were killed in addition to the aircraft and 57 were harmed. The unionist Irish Republican armed force guaranteed the sensibility of this besieging and it said that the objective was not to execute the regular people yet it was intended to misuse during the adversary unionist bunch Ulster political dissidents meeting. After what occurred, the supporters Protestant render the retribution by murdering tow Catholic inhabitants. Furthermore, before the week's over the slaughtered 12more Catholics by different ways!! Colin and his family were influenced by the Shankill besieging. Alife, Colins father was in the besieging zone the fish shop when its detonated. Colin and his mom realized that Alfie could be one of the harmed or slaughtered individuals. Colins mother looked about Alfie yet Alife were pondered that is the reason one of the men was wearing careful gloves. The casualty was taken to the clinic and he was completely secured. At that point, the family realized that the man with the gloves was a Catholic man and he was the aircraft. After this event the McCrery family began to live in an incredible wild and dread they become detainees and outsiders in their own home. Around evening time, they looked all the windows and entryways totally regardless of whether one of the family youngsters waked up around evening time to drink water or to go to the washroom they should wake their dad first. The Troubles influenced on McCrery in a negative manner (un.org). Imprint is a Catholic kid; he lost hi s dad when he was only six years of age. His dad was fired and murdered by Protestant shooter. In spite of the fact that that (Mark) became sixteen years of age he remains profoundly influenced in view of this contention he despite everything battles and with his displeasure and abhors. Imprint doesn't impart his bitterness to any one he wants to save his terrible recollections for him self. The passing of Marks was communicating in the TVs and papers yet he needn't bother with every one of these things to recall this horrendous disaster. Imprints outrage began to increase and greater with time even its gazed to pulling him down into sadness and misery. The youngsters who experienced this contention are attempting to look for about arrangements and keys to assist them with overcoming what they confronted. They are profoundly harms each one have his terrible recollections that could influence his life or his character and the loathes the got can influence the entire age and the entire nation if the individuals didn't attempt to set up and plan arrangements. Be that as it may, the nation and the dependable sides knew about the answers for help the Protestant and the Catholic kids to manage aftereffects of this catastrophe together. The capable specialists partner the Wave Center and they flexibly it by types of gear and clinicians to assist the youngsters with overcoming what they have confronted. The Wave social Center helps the youngsters who are too reluctant or humiliated to converse with others. Each one bury this Center have missed somebody in that contention and they wanted that this Center can assist them with controlling their indignation and feelings. Numerous Catholic and Protestant youngsters take part in this Center and the primary objective of this Center is to accumulate both the Catholic and Protestant kids at a similar spot to make them manage one another and make the both side discussion about what befell him and how is the Trouble influence on him and on his life additionally the other objective is to cause the kids ready to feel in others and to crush the detest on them. Indeed, even who deal with this Center lost his better half as a result of the besieging in 1993 since that time he chose to devote him self to these youngsters. The Center organizes numerous exercises to make the kids express their sentiments and discussion about what is inside them and start the way toward recouping. By urging the kids to draw portrays about calming they love and discussion about it and express what they feel from this image or urge them to record a home recordings to discuss them selves and the one they have missed. Like Grace who recorded a video her session her dad. The video likewise contains a Box that incorporates her dad things and pictures and she had talk about her recollections with her dad additionally she include that this Box is the main memory which is still from her dad. The one she has missed in that contention the Troubles. This video causes Grace to conquer this affliction, with a valiantly soul. Also, a few tasks in the Center empower the young men and young ladies to recollect the cheerful occasions and recollections before the catastrophe and how it influences on them (Film). And every one of these exercises are most likely will be distributed in a book to make the youngsters that they have accomplished something important. In addition that generally Protestants and Catholics used to go to isolate schools. However, to

SAT Essay Examples for the 6 Types of Essay Prompts

SAT Essay Examples for the 6 Types of Essay Prompts SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There's a tenacious fantasy about the SAT Essay: the possibility that you can't get ready substance since you don't see the brief until the day of the test. This is a fantasy in light of the fact that, so as to be normalized, the test needs to require a similar multifaceted nature of contention in each SAT article question: yes or no, either, what causes what. What's more, since every one of these contentions are straightforward, pretty much every SAT paper contention can be come down to one of the 6 we list here. Notwithstanding that, however, we likewise disclose how to contend every one, and give you test support for the two sides of each contention. Peruse on for within scoop on this significant part of the SAT. Review SAT Essay prompts are not normal for some other composing task. The inquiries are incredibly broad, asking things like is the world improving, yet they just ever require an extremely oversimplified theory articulation about an unpredictable thought. There are, for instance, numerous manners by which the world is and isn't improving. The most exact answer would need to be yes AND no, yet that is something contrary to what you should state on the SAT. Since on the SAT Essay, effortlessness and clearness is the situation. You are relied upon to make an expansive, conclusive explanation about what individuals 'should' do or in the case of something is conceivable. You don't need to trust it, you simply need to introduce a couple of models (somewhere in the range of one and three) that can show why your announcement is right. Along these lines, the SAT Essay is simpler than most understudies might suspect. The entirety of the exposition inquiries in this article are taken from genuine SATs or College Board prep materials. We've ordered them not by their contentfor model, achievement or personalitybut rather by their thinking. This is on the grounds that the rationale of the inquiry, not its substance, is the thing that decides the best contention on which to assemble your paper. For each kind of SAT article question beneath, we give you 3 example prompts like what you'll run into, and a breakdown of how to contend either side of any SAT exposition question of that type. You'll get nitty gritty SAT paper models that control you through how to build a contention. SAT Essay Prompt Type 1: Discuss what individuals ought to do This sort of SAT paper question fits a wide range of sorts of models. Anything that includes individuals and their decisions is reasonable game. See the graph beneath for more data on how this functions. Ought to people†¦. be esteemed by their capacities instead of their accomplishments? weight all sentiments similarly, or place more weight on educated suppositions? continuously esteem new things, thoughts, or qualities over more seasoned ones? Stage 1: Pick a side. Truly, individuals ought to consistently esteem new things, thoughts, or qualities over more seasoned ones, or no, individuals ought not generally esteem new things, thoughts, or qualities over more established ones. Stage 2: Consider what might legitimately bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the sorts of help you should utilize). For instance, in the event that you contend Truly, individuals should esteem new things as your postulation, you can give proof of when individuals esteemed new things and it ended up being great, or of when individuals didn't esteem advancement and it turned out inadequately. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 genuine world or scholarly models that fit the rules in Step 2 (see blue boxes for thoughts). To help the Yes proposition with proof of when individuals esteemed new things with progress, we could discuss Civil Rights in the United States, the Industrial Revolution, FDR's new arrangement, or some other model dealign with positive development. We could likewise talk about proof where refusal to acknowledge new things turned out ineffectively, similar to dread of immunizations and Galileo being expelled for his (actual) logical convictions. SAT Essay Prompt Type 2: Discuss which of two things is better These inquiries can be grain for 12-scoring expositions since they can be replied so essentially: this thing is superior to that thing. At that point you simply need to consider 1-3 models in which that thing worked as well as in which the other thing didn't work. See the outline underneath for more data on how this should be possible. Is it better... to adopt a hopeful strategy or a viable methodology? to do satisfying or lucrative work? to utilize collaboration or rivalry to make progress? Stage 1: Pick a side. It is smarter to utilize collaboration to make progress, or it is smarter to utilize rivalry to make progress. Stage 2: Consider what might consistently bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). Like Prompt Type 1 above, for this situation you can utilize proof that bolsters your proposition, or contends against the contrary theory. For instance, on the off chance that you compose that Collaboration is smarter to make progress, you can utilize proof on when participation prompted achievement, or when rivalry prompted disappointment. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or scholarly models that fit the measures in Step 2 (blue boxes). Following our participation is better theory, we can discuss when individuals coordinated to extraordinary achievement - like the Civil Rights development, or Abraham Lincoln's bureau during the Civil War. We could likewise examine how rivalry is second rate through models like the subprime contract emergency of 2008, or the North Korea versus South Korea deadlock. SAT Essay Prompt Type 3: Support or discredit nonsensical articulations These can be the hardest SAT paper promptsif you don't have the foggiest idea how to handle them. The most straightforward approach to truly thump this article type out of the recreation center is to state indeed, it is conceivable, and afterward think about a model. The other sideno, it isn't possibleis harder to sensibly demonstrate, yet it very well may be finished. See the graph underneath for more data on how this functions. Is it conceivable for†¦. misleading to have great outcomes? attempting to arrive at a goal to be important regardless of whether the goal isn't reached? any snag to be transformed into something advantageous? Stage 1: Pick a side. Truly, it is feasible for any impediment to be transformed into something advantageous, or no, it isn't workable for any deterrent to be transformed into something helpful. Stage 2: Consider what might sensibly bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). Not at all like the two brief sorts over, this one is progressively oversimplified - simply discover proof that can bolster your proposal in a clear manner. In the event that you express No, it's impractical for any hindrance to be transformed into something advantageous, you simply need to discover proof for when impediments exist yet don't prompt anything accommodating. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or scholarly models that fit the rules in Step 2 (see blue boxes). To help the No theory, we could utilize the case of how sexual orientation victimization ladies and pay disparity has caused undeniably more mischief than the great it has caused. SAT Essay Prompt Type 4: Cause and impact These can be legitimately entangled, contingent upon which side you pick. On the off chance that you state x is the aftereffect of y, at that point you simply need to consider 1-3 models that represent it. On the off chance that you pick the opposite side, however, at that point you have a harder legitimate undertaking before youyour models need to fit a much smaller definition to bode well. See the graph underneath for more data on how this functions. Is __ the consequence of __? Is an effective network the consequence of people relinquishing their own objectives? Is achievement the consequence of opportunity to do things one's own specific manner? Is learning the consequence of encountering troubles? Stage 1: Pick a side. Truly, learning is the consequence of encountering troubles, or no, learning isn't the aftereffect of encountering challenges. Stage 2: Consider what might intelligently bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). For instance, if our proposition is Indeed, learning is the consequence of encountering troubles, we can either contend with proof of when learning IS the aftereffect of trouble, or when an absence of trouble prompted a nonappearance of learning. The two sorts of proof help your proposal. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or scholarly models that fit the measures in Step 2 (see blue boxes). For our Yes proposition, we could discuss how the trouble of unmanageable human services costs in the USA prompted learning and the Affordable Care Act. We could likewise utilize the other kind of proof and discussion about how Jay Gatsby's absence of trouble in having massive riches prompted poor finding out about what truly fulfills him. SAT Essay Prompt Type 5: Generalize about the condition of the world These sorts of SAT exposition prompts are so open-finished that they loan themselves to a wide range of models and understandings. In any case, for this equivalent explanation, they can be overpowering and confounding. See the outline beneath for more data on how this functions. How is the advanced world? Is the world more needing innovativeness now more than any time in recent memory? Is the world really harder to comprehend because of the bounty of data now accessible? Is the world changing in a positive manner? Stage 1: Pick a side. Indeed, the world is changing in a positive way, or no, the world isn't changing in a positive way. Stage 2: Consider what might legitimately bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). How about we think about the Yes proposal. We can utilize proof that issues in the past that are being unraveled today, or developments today that didn't beforehand exist. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or abstract models that fit the measures in Step 2 (see blue boxes). To help our Yes theory, we can discover instances of issues that are better now - ladies' privileges, bondage, and diminished brutality. We can likewise examine ongoing developments that significantly improve personal satisfaction, similar to the Internet and boundless access to instruction.

The Connection Between Gluten and Bipolar Disorder

The Connection Between Gluten and Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print The Connection Between Gluten and Bipolar Disorder By Jane Anderson facebook twitter Jane Anderson is a medical journalist and an expert in celiac disease, gluten sensitivity, and the gluten-free diet. Learn about our editorial policy Jane Anderson Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Emmy Ludwig, MD on August 05, 2016 Emmy Ludwig, MD, is board-certified in gastroenterology and hepatology. She practices at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Learn about our Medical Review Board Emmy Ludwig, MD Updated on February 17, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Ian Sanderson/Photographers Choice RF/Getty Images Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric condition that causes people to experience extreme mood swings from mania to depression. The illness can be treated with medications and people with bipolar disorder also find that counseling may help. Its not unusual to see posts on celiac disease/gluten sensitivity forums from people with bipolar disorder who report that their symptoms improved or even abated completely when they adopted the gluten-free diet. In addition, two studies in the medical literature suggest that people with either celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity may suffer from slightly higher rates of bipolar disorder than the general population. Like many of the possible links between gluten ingestion and mental conditions, more research is necessary before it will be clear whether following a gluten-free diet might help some individuals with bipolar disorder. Anti-Gluten Antibodies Found in People With Bipolar Disorder To date, only three medical studies have been performed to look at whether people with bipolar disorder have heightened levels of anti-gluten antibodies in their bloodstreams. In the most extensive study, published in 2011, the researchers tested 102 people with bipolar disorder and 173 people without a psychiatric disorder.?? They measured levels of the antibodies AGA-IgG and AGA-IgA, both of which are not specific to celiac disease but which may be used as tests for gluten sensitivity. They also measured deamidated antibodies to tTG-IgA and tTG-IgG, considered very sensitive celiac disease tests. The study found that individuals with bipolar disorder had a much higher risk of having increased levels of IgG antibodies to gluten when compared to those without bipolar. Although people with bipolar disorder also had a higher incidence of other laboratory findings that are associated with celiac disease, those findings were not statistically significant. The levels of antibodies in people with bipolar disorder did not correlate with their total symptoms (measured in several different ways), their medical history, whether they had any gastrointestinal symptoms, or with their use of specific psychiatric medications. Nearly half of those with bipolar disorder carried the celiac disease genes (i.e., the genes that predispose you to celiac disease), but those with the genes were no more or less likely to have increased antibodies to gluten. A Second Study Looks at Mania in Bipolar and Gluten Antibodies The same group of researchers published a study in March 2012 looking at markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in acute mania, a hallmark symptom of bipolar disorder.?? They found that people hospitalized for mania had significantly increased levels of IgG antibodies to gluten, but did not have raised levels of other types of celiac disease-specific antibodies. Interestingly, when measured six months after hospitalization, the bipolar patients average levels of IgG antibodies had dropped  and were not significantly different from those of the control subjects. However, those bipolar patients who still had elevated levels of IgG six months later were much more likely to have been re-hospitalized for mania within that time frame. The monitoring and control of gluten sensitivity may have significant effects on the management of individuals hospitalized with acute mania, the researchers concluded. The third study, published in 2008, didnt look specifically at bipolar disorder and gluten; instead, it looked at a broad array of psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder, and whether they were more likely to occur in children with celiac disease or with positive celiac blood tests.?? The study found neurological or psychiatric problems in nearly 2% of children with celiac or gluten sensitivity, a rate slightly higher than the 1.1% found in control subjects. Gluten-Related Neurological Symptoms and Conditions Gluten Implicated in Other Mental Illnesses Theres little doubt that people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity suffer from higher-than-normal rates of anxiety and depression. Gluten and depression are linked to a variety of studies, including research dealing with celiac disease and research dealing with non-celiac gluten sensitivity.?? Meanwhile, gluten and anxiety also appear to share a relationship. Still, its not clear whether gluten itself may contribute to symptoms of depression and anxiety, or whether other mechanisms such as nutritional deficiencies caused by gluten-induced intestinal damage may lead to those psychiatric symptoms. Is Gluten Why Youre Depressed? However, some studies have found that adhering to a strict gluten-free diet seems to help some symptoms of both depression and anxiety in people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.?? Psychiatrists also have speculated about a potential link between gluten and schizophrenia, and some case reports indicate there are people with schizophrenia who might improve on a gluten-free diet. However, mental health experts suspect the number of people who might improve is very small â€" on the order of a few percent. Link Between Gluten Consumption and Schizophrenia Will Gluten Be Implicated in Bipolar Disorder? Much more research is needed to determine if gluten plays any role in bipolar disorder. The researchers in the first study who looked specifically at anti-gluten antibodies in people with bipolar disorder noted that some antibody levels â€" but not all of them â€" were much higher in people with bipolar disorder. It is likely that the individuals with bipolar disorder who have increased antibodies to gliadin share some pathobiological features of celiac disease, such as abnormal absorption of ingested food proteins, a finding which is also consistent with the increased levels of antibodies to bovine casein which have also been found in bipolar disorder as well as recent-onset psychosis and schizophrenia, the researchers said in their analysis. However, the mechanism of the increased antibody response to gluten is likely to be different in bipolar disorder in comparison to celiac disease.?? The researchers concluded: At this point, it remains to be determined whether gluten proteins or the observed elevated immune response to them have any role in the pathogenic mechanism of bipolar disorder or have the potential to serve as biomarkers of disease diagnosis or activity.?? Future studies should include gluten-free diets in bipolar disorder patients with elevated anti-gluten antibodies, they said.

Social Networking and Social Media Nowadays - 2587 Words

INTRODUCTION In the current day, there is an increasing trend in the use of social networking and social media, alongside an increase in viral marketing. In 2013, in South Africa 9.3 million people were registered on the popular social network site, facebook.com (Granger, 2013). Viral marketing, also known as ‘word-of-mouth’, refers to methods for marketing that use current social network services and other technologies in an effort to achieve goals and increase brand awareness through the use of self-multiplying ‘viral’ methods. The idea of viral marketing is that it is internet advertising or marketing that spreads exponentially whenever a new user is added (Viral Marketing, 2014). Viral marketing is implicitly seen on a daily basis and the development of social media and social networks has aided its growth and increased its distribution. A social network is defined as a system of friends and personal contacts, with a website or online service that enables this communication, or as an online community of people with mutual interests who use a website or other technologies to communicate with each other and share information (Howe, 2010). Social media has provided a platform for social networking, and is defined as any tool or service that uses the internet to facilitate conversation (Lamb, 2013). Marketing is no longer focused on solely making the sale, but is also interested in building customer relationships and customer loyalty. This has created the need for marketersShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology In Fashion921 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans it would take extended amounts of time to spread ideas of fashion from one place to another. The influence of technology on the fashion industry cannot be overlooked. Fashion is being rapidly offered to consumers at an amazingly fast rate. Nowadays anybody can have anything they want within the reach of a button on a phone or computer screen, fashion is instantaneous. It used to be following style patterns included venturing to the far corners of the planet in a group of 10 to create a reportRead MoreSocial Media And Social Networking921 Words   |  4 PagesSocial media is the communication between individuals and groups to share and exchange their ideas through internet. The social networking is part of social media which plays t he important role in today’s life. The biggest impact of the social networking is on children, youngs, and adults. Nowaday children are growing up surrounded by technology. They like to use technology such as mobile, tablets, and computers because they can connect easily to social network. We all know how important social networkingRead MoreSocial Media Effects On Relationships1338 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media Interaction Effects on Relationships Social media have become integrated deeply in people’s daily lifestyle. People inherently like relationships and social interactions. Social media platforms are web-mediated technology, or applications where it allows people to perform an individual account or group account, enabling them to post statuses, comments, pictures and even articles. They accomplish a long friends list and many social interactions whether real-life friends or online friendsRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Social Media1082 Words   |  5 PagesArgumentative essay on social media Nowadays, we are living in the most advanced technology era as we have a lot of gadgets to communicate with each other. Just a few decades back, people had to wait for a week or two to receive a letter but now, we able to talk, char and make friends in a mere twinkling of an eye. Social media has become part and parcel of our everyday lives. The idea behind the social media is to enable us to hold better contact with friends, family and new people. There are manyRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1155 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media Today, there are just over 3 billion active internet users. Today using social media is the most common activity of children. People have technology right at the tip of their fingers, which isn’t exactly a good thing. Internet use is changing the way people are living their lives, and causing unhealthy addictions. Social networking sites do have a beneficial effect. They make it easier to keep up with their distant friends and family. However, these sites are preventing real life relationshipsRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Buying Habits, Schooling, And Relationships1557 Words   |  7 Pagesreally think about social media has now made a substantial impact on buying habits, schooling, and relationships. However, networking through social media plays a larger role in human lives than one may realize. When I hear the statement ‘everyone is a result of his or her surroundings’ has verified to be correct when discussing the effect of social media and web sha ring. It is truly amazing to see that scientists have proposed that most social networks mainly upkeep current social relationships. FacebookRead MoreAn Addictive Amount Of Social Media1595 Words   |  7 Pagesbreathing to teens nowadays. But for some users, these online networking services are deemed to be so addicting, that it affects their cognitive function during the day, and ability to get an acceptable amount of sleep each night. When a person doesn’t achieve a proper amount of sleep, it substantially alters their health. Lack of sleep can cause fatigue, forgetfulness, weight loss or gain, serious health problems, and cognitive function (â€Å"10 Things† 1). As a result, social media affects it’s usersRead MoreEffects Of Modern Socialization Networks On Youth1260 Words   |  6 Pagesdisorganization. Introduction Social media is known as new media with having many features.It provides many facilities like texting,images or document sharing,communicating with audio ,video sharing,linking with all over world, direct connecting. Social networking on provides great help using the internet to connect with their friends, family and colleagues. The most well-traffic having social media sites are named as LinkedIn, Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. TheseRead MoreAdvantages of Social Media for Teenagers Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesis very into social media. Social media has become a part and parcel of everyone’s life. Even kindergarden students have at least a little knowledge on social media. Social media is defined as a relationship that exist between network and people. A very common and widely used example of social media would be web sites for social networking and microblogging. Examples of utmost used social networking sites are â€Å" Facebook Ë ® and â€Å" Twitter Ë ®. Nowadays coming across kids on social networking sites has becomeRead MoreDetrimental Traditional Media and Social Media1460 Words   |  6 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Media plays a great role in allowing the people to be informed, to be educated or to be entertained. People, especially teenagers, are purposely or unknowingly connecting to each other by communicating and informing themselves about the latest trends, events and happenings in the community. They are fed by information regarding different issues that happen in their day-to-day activities. Also, they are pleased by the good reviews of media but along with its swift development

Nature vs. Nurture Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory...

Is nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shape, and hair color. While a child’s DNA can determine his or her risk of Down Syndrome, heart disease, or cancer; there is not significant proof of DNA determining personality traits (Heredity, 2011). The nurture side of the argument refers to a†¦show more content†¦As a child grows from birth to adulthood, certain traits appear (Heredity, 2011). Geneticists argue that personality traits and intelligence are a part of these sets of chromosomes. In fact, at the University of Texas, scientists found 20 gene candidates that could have an impact on alcoholism (Bryner, 2006). Research has also been conducted with sets of identical twins in order to better understand the role that genetics play in human characteristics (Onkal, 2005). Twin studies were pioneered by English scientist, Francis Galton, over a century ago (Powell, 2010). These studies were carried out by separating sets of identical twins at birth and raising them in contrasting environments. These twins were scrutinized using IQ tests and other examinations. In most cases, IQ scores showed that a child brought up in a wealthier area with better schooling and more involved parents would be more intelligent than a child raised with a family with a low income, low education background (Onkal, 2005). The opposing end of the debate is the nurture theory. The nurture theory states that personality traits and intelligence are solely based on one’s upbringing and surrounding environment (Powell, 2010). Scientists that favor the nurture theory argue that certain environmental factors can determine a child’s personality (Powell, 2010). For example, American psychologist, John Watson, studied the effects of theShow MoreRelatedLanguage and Social Learning Theory1259 Words   |  5 Pages The first thing I would want to discuss is the huge debate among nature vs nature. There have been many debates over this topic and still to this day people have not come together with a conclusion. I personally was leaning toward there was no difference because of the finding I have read about over the last few years. I thought there was no difference because it was based upon the area you wereRead MoreInfrastructure for Knowledge Management42738 Words   |  171 PagesKnowledge Worker ...................................................................................................13 How can we manage to â€Å"Not Manage†? ...............................................................................13 Knowledge Worker vs. Unskilled Labor...............................................................................14 Organizational Structure........................................................................................................15 Individual CharacteristicsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesThe Enigma of Self-Awareness 58 The Sensitive Line 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involv ing Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through theRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesYou now have all the material for an excellent SWOT (strengths/weaknesses, opportunities/threats) analysis. Pull together the earlier identiï ¬ cation of opportunities and threats (step 5) with the internal analysis you have done. This resources-based, theory-oriented system gives you a powerful vocabulary to describe what simpler systems call ‘strengths’, and the other elements of the system allow you to systematically identify other signiï ¬ cant factors in the mix. STEP 11 CURRENT S T R AT E G IRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswhich have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing ‘solutions’ to some of the problems or difï ¬ culties identiï ¬ ed in the case. There are also over 33 classic cases on the Companion

Mrt Jakarta Free Essays

The Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit System is an ongoing transportation infrastructure project in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. It consists of a partially elevated and partially underground railway system. Construction of the first phase of the project is expected to start in 2013 and is planned to be operational in 2016. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrt Jakarta or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1] Contents [hide] 1 Background of the project 2 Lines 2. 1 North-South corridor 2. 1. 1 Phase I 2. 2 East-West corridor 3 Project Progress 4 PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta 5 References 6 External links [edit]Background of the project Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is an urban metropolis with over 8 million inhabitants. It is predicted that over four million residents of the surrounding Jabodetabek area commute in and out of the city each working day. Transport issues have increasingly begun to attract political attention and it has been estimated that in 2020 without a major transportation breakthrough traffic jams will overwhelm the city. Since 1980 more than twenty-five general and special subject studies have been conducted related to possible Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems in Jakarta. One of the major reasons for the delays in tackling the problem was the economic crisis of 1997-98. Before the crisis a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme was considered as part of a new MRT calling for private sector involvement. After the crisis, the plan to rely on a BOT to provide financing proved infeasible and the MRT project was again proposed as a government-funded scheme. Current public transportation in Jakarta mainly consists of various types of buses, starting from the very small bemo and pickup sized mikrolet, to slightly larger minbuses and full sized city buses. There are also both two and four wheeled taxis. Current transport systems include widely used MetroMini and Kopaja cheap minibuses, and the TransJakarta bus rapid transit system, and the Jabodetabek Commuter Railway. [edit]Lines The rail-based Jakarta MRT is expected to stretch across over 108 kilometres, including 21. 7 km for the North-South Corridor (From Lebak Bulus to Kampung Bandan) and 87 km for East-West Corridor(From Balaraja to Cikarang). [2] [edit]North-South corridor The North-South corridor will be built in two phases. Phase I, will be constructed in advance connects Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI along 15. km including 13 stations (7 elevated stations and 6 underground stations). The Indonesian ministry of Transport approved this plan in September 2010 and invited tenders and will be built at April 2012. [3] Phase II, will extend the North-South line from Bundaran HI to Kampung Bandan (7 underground stations and 1 ground-level station), targeted to operate in 2018 (accelera ted from 2020 as the original plan[4]). [5] After completion of MRT Phase I and II, together with TransJakarta will serve 60 percent total trips made by Jakartans. edit]Phase I The first phase is 15. 7 kilometres (9. 8 mi) long from Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI. The construction project will begin in June 2011 and is expected to be completed in 2016 to serve 212,000 passengers per day. This expected capacity may be maxed out to 960,000 per day. The 15. 7 kilometers span expected to be covered in under 30 minutes. [6] Elevated stations Lebak Bulus Fatmawati Cipete Haji Nawi Blok A Blok M Sisingamangaraja Underground stations Al-Azhar mosque Senayan Bendungan Hilir Setiabudi Dukuh Atas (Interchange Station with Jakarta Commuter Line) Bundaran H. I [edit]East-West corridor This corridor is currently in pre-feasibility study phase. The line is targeted to operate in 2027. [edit]Project Progress Progress of the first phase was funded through a loan by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), now merged into the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The loan number IP is 536 (signed November 2006) for engineering services. The engineering services loan is a pre-construction loan to prepare the construction phase. It consists of: Basic Design package, managed by the DGR (Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transport) Management and Operation package, managed by the Bappeda (Jakarta Regional Planning Board) Construction assistance in tender, managed by the PT MRT Jakarta On March 31, 2009, Loan Agreement 2 (LA2) for the amount of 48,150 billion Yen to build the Jakarta MRT System was signed by the Indonesian Government (represented by the Indonesian Ambassador for Japan) and JICA in Tokyo, Japan. [7] This loan is to be forwarded from the National Government to the Jakarta City Administration as a grant (on-granting agreement). 8] After the signing of the granting agreement for LA2, city administration will propose another two loan agreements for LA3 and LA4 to the central government. These proposals will become a lending agreement for the local government. The total amount of LA3 and LA4 addressed as a loan by the local government is about 71867 billion yen. This amount is based on the progress, outcome and absorbance of LA2. The total loan package from JICA for the development of the Jakarta MRT system is worth a total of 120 billion yen. Work on the basic design for the first phase of the current version of the project began in late 2010. The tender process was underway in late 2012 when the new governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, unexpectedly said that he wanted a review of the project. After several months of uncertainty governor Joko Widodo announced that the project would go ahead. He listed it as one of the priority projects in the Jakarta city budget for 2013. [9] Physical construction is expected to begin in 2013[10] and the line is expected to be operational by 2017. [edit]PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (PT MRTJ) is a limited liability (Perseroan Terbatas) company founded by the Jakarta Provincial Government. Its establishment was approved by the provincial parliament (DPRD) on 10 June 2008 and final establishment was by notary act on 17 June 2008. Its purpose is to operate the Jakarta MRT System. The shares are made up from 99% Jakarta Provincial Government and 1% PT Pasar Jaya (another Jakarta Reginal-Government-Owned-Company). PT MRTJ is classed as a Regional-Government-Owned-Company (Badan Usaha Milik Daerah-BUMD). The BUMD form for PT MRTJ is designed not to create profits for the shareholders, but instead to create flexibility in accessing alternative financing, which would otherwise be impossible if the company was directly part of the government. With this, the cost of tickets sold to clients will be reduced with some of the operational cost being subsidised by other sources. The BUMD form also ensures transparency and accountability through the shareholders’ General Meeting, Decision Making and Reporting System which will be publicly available. How to cite Mrt Jakarta, Essay examples

Uncertainty and Evaluation of Public Investment †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Uncertainty and Evaluation of Public Investment. Answer: Introduction: Superannuation fund in the service sector is provided to enable individuals to have safe and secure retirement. This investment approach has been promoted from past twenty years to ensure secure future for employees. Strategies investment is essential for tertiary sector employees because they have shorter employment period as technology is continuously changing, and they get early retirement in comparison to other business sectors. The government also encourages it and supports it through tax benefits. Minimum standards are set by the government for the contribution for employees as same time for the management of superannuation funds (Cummings, 2016). It is compulsory for the employees of the service sector to make superannuation from their wages and salaries. They are encouraged to add on superannuation contribution with an outstanding contribution, containing changing their wages or salaries into superannuation contributions. However, they are not mandatory to invest in the speci fic fund as for this purpose; they have two primary options description of which are enumerated as below: It is retirement plan that employer sponsors, where employees profits are calculated using a formula that relates to factors like history of salary and length of employment. Some rules and regulations show by when and what method an employee can withdraw his funds by avoiding penalties (Basu and Andrews, 2014). This option provides a guarantee of benefit and payment on retirement. Benefits can be given as withdrawn as monthly payment all through employees lifetime or a sum total of the amount on retirement. This plan delivers retirement income, and this amount lasts all through retirement age which also makes budgeting easier. It is an almost risk-free investment as returns or maturity benefits are pre-defined through which investor is not required to borne any kind of risk during the tenure of investment. Payment options under this plan are as follows: Single life annuity Survivor annuity Lump sum payment In this option, the investor gets fixed amount on a monthly basis after their retirement and till their death. However, it cannot be transferred to the beneficiary of the diseased party. In this option also investor get fixed amount on a monthly basis after their retirement and till their death but after death, this amount will be provided to the beneficiary or surviving partner of the diseased party. In this option, fixed amount is received at the time of retirement inclusive of interest and principal amount. On the basis of benefits, there is fluctuation in the monthly instalment to be paid by tertiary sector employee. In this option, the return of investment increases with the increase in tenure and amount of monthly instalment. Investment choice plan In this type of plan, an individual can choose to invest as per their customised needs. Nearly all superannuation funds will offer a variety of investment options to choose from. These options vary at their level of risk. In this option, it is necessary for an investor to understand that how and where the superannuation money is invested. Multiple investment portfolios are also the opportunity to spread super money (Chant, Mohankumar and Warren, 2014). One benefit of investment earning is that they are taxed in a different way to other income. Selection of option helps in investing super that offers a diversified mixture of investments. This option makes them enable to invest in a blend of the single asset class in which each option includes different risk and returns policy and suggest different investment time frames. Four investment strategies covered in this option is as follows: Secure fund Share fund Trustee fund This is the least risk and return containing option. This is similar to defined benefit plan but with higher returns. This is the most risk and return containing option. In this value of investment fluctuates as per market condition without any guaranteed covers. In this option, the amount is invested by a broker who is considered as trustee of investment till the retirement of the employee. The trustee in this option is investment expert to attain optimise return. Factors affecting selection of investment plan Following factors are required to be considered by employees for the tertiary sector for selection of investment plan: Risk appetite: The capability of bearing risk differs from person to person, depending on factors such as financial duties, responsibilities, Further considering ability to take risk becomes an essential factor in investment decision making (Barton and Wiseman, 2014). However, if the individual does not want to bear higher risks, then they can choose defined benefit plan because it contains predetermined benefits without any fluctuation. Further, if the person intends to invest the super and has the capacity of bearing risk, then they can choose investment choice plan. Investment Horizon: In defined benefit plan employee cannot invest his pension until retirement. The super is secured for the future. However, in the case of investment choice plan, they can invest the amount by choosing the better alternative as per their requirements. Still, risk element is comparatively high in investment choice plan. Investible surplus: In Investible surplus employee has to determine that how much money can be kept aside for investments. It is imperative in selecting from a variety of asset classes because the minimum investment amounts vary, and so do the risks and returns (Gallery, Newton and Palm, 2011). In defined benefit option there is a requirement for the minimum, and fixed amount of investment on a continuous basis, however, same is not required in investment choice plan. Investment need: Investment needs has to be determined earlier to investment. In this, the individual has to identify that how soon they need their money or are they in a position to invest for a long term period (Halim, Miller and Dupont, 2010). Further, they are required to determine that how much money to invest in a month or year to reach the goal. Expected returns: In defined benefit plan returns are fixed, but in investment, choice plan returns depend on how the money is invested, risk level, for a short or extended period of time of time. The longer the time horizon will be greater the returns can be expected. Issues related to time value of money significant to making investment decisions In the present era, time value of money is necessary to be considered by investors because it has a substantial impact on the yield of an investment. As per this concept, worth of currency today in hand is worth more than the currency in the forthcoming year because of inflation and other economic factors (Butt and et.al. 2014). The employees in the tertiary sector will be required to make regular contributions to the selected retirement plan for investment in a superannuation fund. For this decision, they have an obligation to provide significantly to the time value of money by considering the fact of the increase in invested amount with interest earned. The major issue in this aspect is related to opportunity cost in which investor must be assured that selected option is better than rejected choices by obtaining a higher yield. In addition to this, they are required to consider after how much time they will be getting gain from invested amount as the time value of money indicates s ooner is better (Arrow and Lind, 2014). Thus, if they are getting delayed return, then they must ensure that return is comparatively higher. With this approach, they are required to discount the future return to determine its present value in order to select option with maximum benefits. This will show employee, worth of investment in present through which computation can be made for total value of investment. For example if investment plan provides following two options to receive their retirement income Option 1: Take $5,000,000 immediately at the time of retirement. Option 2: Get paid $600,000 every year after retirement for the next 10 years. In option 1, employee will get $5,000,000 and in option 2 $6,000,000 after their retirement. Without considering time value of money, Option 2 seem better because employee gets extra $1,000,000. However, the theory time value of money says that amount paid in future has less worth in present. Thus decision has to be made by figuring out how much option 2 is worth today by investor on the basis of discounting factor. In accordance with the above description, it can be concluded that there is no perfect option for investment in general as it will vary as per risk bearing capacity and return desired by tertiary sector employees. Further, each investment option for tertiary sector employee has its own pros and cons due to its nature. In making such investment decisions, they are required to consider their current financial condition and future goals to justify their investment objectives. By this study, the conclusion can be drawn that if employees have less tendency to bear risk then they should consider defined benefit plan and but if they desire higher and customised returns then they should go for investment choice plan. In accordance with the theory of efficient market hypothesis (EMH), it is not possible to beat the market regarding return on investment. It is because; EMH states that price of a share is affected by all the available information in the market. Due to this factor, stock market efficiency leads to existing share prices that always contain and represent relevant information. As stated by EMH, stocks are always traded at their fair values on the stock exchange (Brealey and et.al. 2012). Thus it is not possible for the investor to buy shares at a low value and sell stock at inflated prices. Consequently, it is not feasible to beat the whole market through expert stock selection or market timing. An investor can acquire significant returns only by purchasing risky investments. The pension fund is a fund which provides retirement income. A pension fund manager responsibility is to implement a funds spending strategy and to conduct its portfolios trading schemes. The pension fund manager has to make sure that pension schemes are running efficiently or not (Keynes, 2016). The fund manager makes sure that the deposits of the maturity schedules occur at the same time with the demand for loans. More attention has to be paid by the fund manager on the main elements of Cost and risk to capitalise on the cash flow opportunities. By considering the above-described aspects, it can be concluded that cited statement is wrong because the theory of EMH does not stipulate that the portfolio selection has to be done with a pin due to the following reasons- The manager has to do some paramount jobs like ensuring appropriate diversification in the portfolio. Well-diversification is essential for the portfolio to optimise the risk and maximise Investment in a significant number of stock is necessary, as one type of stock is not sufficient to ensure diversification (Lee, Lee and Lee, 2010). The requirement of a vast number of investment is needed to get higher returns with minimum risks. Its not worthy to invest all the money in one investment. A well-diversified portfolio is imperative to achieve high yields (in any market condition). For this aspect, it is significant to ensure that the risks of the diversified portfolio are appropriate for the company as well as clients. In the case of the pension fund, the manager has to choose a risk-free investment (Yal?n, 2010). The management must assure that the risk must be according to the bearing capacity of the client and it is not higher than it. The company must choose safe investments in this case. The manager must pick those stocks which are safe and riskless or merge portfolios with lower beta. In such cases, the manager can change the portfolio to take advantage of special tax laws for pension funds. The government gives privately retired plans for encouraging people, and these rules could raise the assumed return of the portfolio without expanding the risk. References Arrow, K.J. and Lind, R.C., 2014. Uncertainty and the evaluation of public investment decisions. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 6(1), pp.29-44. Barton, D. and Wiseman, M., 2014. Focusing capital on the long term. Harvard Business Review, 92(1/2), pp.44-51. Basu, A. and Andrews, S., 2014. Asset allocation policy, returns and expenses of superannuation funds: recent evidence based on default options. Australian Economic Review, 47(1), pp.63-77. Brealey, R.A., and et.al. 2012. Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Butt, A., Donald, M.S., Foster, F.D., Thorp, S. and Warren, G., 2014. The Superannuation System and its Regulation: Views from Fund Executives. Chant, W., Mohankumar, M. and Warren, G., 2014. MySuper: a new landscape for default superannuation funds. Cummings, J.R., 2016. Effect of fund size on the performance of Australian superannuation funds. Browser Download This Paper. Gallery, N., Newton, C. and Palm, C., 2011. Framework for assessing financial literacy and superannuation investment choice decisions. Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal, 5(2), p.3. Halim, S., Miller, T. and Dupont, D.C., 2010. How pension funds manage investment risks: A global survey. Keynes, J.M., 2016. General theory of employment, interest and money. Atlantic Publishers Dist. Lee, C.C., Lee, J.D. and Lee, C.C., 2010. Stock prices and the efficient market hypothesis: Evidence from a panel stationary test with structural breaks. Japan and the world economy, 22(1), pp.49-58. Yal?n, K.C., 2010. Market rationality: Efficient market hypothesis versus market anomalies. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 3(2), pp.23-28.

Classroom Design for Сhildren with Disabilities

Criminal Justice Trends Outline Example

Criminal Justice Trends Outline Example Criminal Justice Trends Outline – Coursework Example Trends in Criminal Justice This paper will evaluate trends in criminal justice, and its connection with the society. I will particularly evaluate recent, past, and future trends and contemporary issues that are affecting the criminal justice system. The value of criminal justice system in the changing society is also another issue I will discuss. Today’s society puts a lot of reliance on policing in the community. This is because people want to be safe and the police ensure that this happens. However, in the past people used to feel safer than today. Past trends include how police ensured safety of the society. Police ensured safety by walking around the streets, and getting in touch with people. This ensured that the police officers and the people had a relationship that could be described as good since they could easily know one another’s names. This however did not last long as technology advanced police officers did not feel the urge to have a close relationship wit h people they patrolled (Muraskin & Albert, 117).Present trends: There is much advancement in criminal justice system in the present day. This has been greatly affected by the advancement in technology. These advancements has ensured that the police can patrol the streets easily. However, this ended up destroying the relationship that police officers had with the people. Future Trends: the future will see more advancement in technology and therefore it will be easier for the justice system to carry out their duties. This will see more people appreciating the work of police officers in the society. Conclusion: The justice system value has in the past been questioned since more and more people feel that the police officers are no longer in touch with people. However, this may change in future and more people might change their attitude towards this essential system. The value of justice system remains essential and all that is required are people’s sentiments towards the same. ReferenceMuraskin, R, & Albert, R. (2009). Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Risk Management - Essay Example Introduction The risks that a business encounters in the course of its duties affect their performances in several ways. Investors are likely to shy away from businesses that have high risks unless the returns expected are very high when compared to the risks (Ayling, 2010). The relationship between the risks a business faces and the returns expected helps in determining the prices for their commodities. The risk in this case is the risk the business faces as a result of floods damaging their equipment and premises. The loss of property resulted in the company encountering losses and disruptions in the execution of their daily activities. Step one: Risk identification Risk identification is the process of identifying threats to the operations of a business. It involves evaluating the conditions affecting the business and the damage it experiences. Risks can be considered as either stand alone or in the context of a portfolio (Ayling, 2010). Risks are termed as stand alone when the fl ows of cash from an asset are analyzed on their own. The risks can also be considered in the context of a portfolio. This implies that the impacts of the flows of cash from all the organization’s assets are considered (Crouchy, Galai and Mark, 2000). The risks facing the organization will be considered in the context of a portfolio to determine the effects of losing cash from all the assets destroyed. This will assist in revealing any risks and relationships that get lost as a result of the disaster. The identification of risks involves the use of both the top-down and bottom-up approaches (Ayling, 2010). The management will collaborate with the heads of various departments in the identification, assessment and prioritization of the risk involved. The threats identified should be the ones that affect the organization’s attainment of their strategic goals. The identification process will additionally assists the management in deciding which risks will be dealt with. The bottom-up approach involves the whole organizations’ staff involvement in the management of the risks (Ayling, 2010). On the other hand, using the top-down approach involves using the senior managers to develop strategies to counter these effects. The organization will opt for the bottom-up approach as they will get diverse opinions on how they can counter the risks specified. In order to counter the effects of the floods, the organization will come up with several measures. This will include issues such as establishing warning systems, the construction of dams and building defenses along the rivers and coastlines. The implementation of these strategies will become an expense for the company (Crouchy, Galai and Mark, 2000). The hotel will however benefit from these moves since they will be able to salvage their property in the event that similar events occur. The implementation of these measures will assist the hotel in meeting their objectives without disruptions due to flo ods. There are currently no measures that have been put in place to counter the effects of similar disasters. Step two: Risk Measurement The measurement of risks involves estimating the impacts of the risks to an organization. It also involves the process of ascertaining the consequences of the risk (Ayling, 2010). The measure to be used in calculating the effects of these risks will be the

Customer Perception and Brand Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Customer Perception and Brand Loyalty - Essay Example Pomerantz, (2003) defined perception as a process of attaining awareness or understanding environments by interpreting information. This statement is based on normal human psychology that can be related to the customer perception. Customer perception is a process that is based on the information collected from wide arrays of sources and resources. It can be the case that customers using the existing product or service may create awareness along with changing the level of perception about that particular product or service. Organisations need to understand the perception of customers in order to market their products and services along with offering them something that will exceed the level of perceived perception. Customer perception decides their buying behavior to an extent. Considering the fact that good and valid perception about a product often creates a positive image that allures customers to get associated with that product or service in the short as well as in the long run. Customer perception can be considered as the first stage of buying behavior where there is a difference between the reality and perception. Until and unless, customers use the product; ascertaining the reality can be a cumbersome task offering irrelevant attention and importance to perception (Reichheld, 1993). Customers’ perceptions can be influenced through reference groups and opinion leaders but should offer desired and more than perceived results in order to create long term value and mutual benefits in the competitive business environment.... In short, brand loyalty is driven by effective customer relationship management programs and initiatives offering mutual benefits and advantages to organizations and customers. The research is based on identifying the Ducati customer perception and brand loyalty. It needs to be mentioned that in spite of a number of companies manufacturing high quality and attractive motorcycles, a certain group of customers prefer to buy Ducati motorcycles. The research aims at identifying their perception towards Ducati and its motorcycles along with assessing brand loyalty. However, in this particular discussion, only theoretical aspects of brand loyalty and customer perception has been presented and practical implication will be highlighted in the later part of the research in an illustrative and logical manner. A highly satisfied customer will tend to buy more product and services of the brand with whom he can relate to in the short as well as in the long run. It needs to be understood that bran d loyalty is often useful and economical for the buyer and seller. The buyer can stick to a particular brand without investing much in competitors brand along with availing great benefits of brand loyalty offered by organizations. Loyalty is awarded and rewarded in different ways depending on the structure and policies of organizations. When it comes to expensive products and services, customer perception and loyalty is driven by wide arrays of variables. Price can be considered as one of the most important variables deciding the perception and loyalty level of customers. Ducati Motorcycles come with a hefty price tag and with a positive perception of motorcycles; customers are willing to invest their money in it. If the actual and real performance and services of

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay

Are Terrorism And Globalization Linked Politics Essay While a precise definition of the term has yet to be established, many of the currently employed definitions use similar concepts. The University of Colorado at Boulder (2002) describes the global economy as one in which the main international players are corporations and lacking a structure tied to national boundaries. Refusing to assign a specific definition to the term, the World Bank (2000) describes it primarily as  ¿Ã‚ ½the observation that in recent years a quickly rising share of economic activity in the world seems to be taking place between people who live in different countries, ¿Ã‚ ½ or, more simply, an increase in international economic activities. The Center for Strategic International Studies (2002) attempts to precisely define globalization, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. ¿Ã‚ ½ The International Monetary Fund (2000) offers the broadest summary of globalization, referring to it as  ¿Ã‚ ½the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows, ¿Ã‚ ½ adding,  ¿Ã‚ ½The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Globalization is  ¿Ã‚ ½the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, technology and capital throughout the world, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the Government of Canada (2005). Rainer Tetzlaff (1998) writes that globalization encompasses many aspects, including increasing international transactions, new communications technologies, an increasing complex division of labor and goods distribution, quick turnover of concepts and consumer patterns, and a significant increase in transnational institutions and political movements. Globa lization is  ¿Ã‚ ½a process of growing interdependence between all people of this planet, ¿Ã‚ ½ according to the International Labour Organization (1996) and mentions economical interdependence. Even the cynical Progressive Living organization (2001) talks about globalization from an economic standpoint, calling it  ¿Ã‚ ½a process, well underway, which trends toward the undermining of national sovereignty, and therefore citizen ¿Ã‚ ½s [sic] rights, in favor of the economic interests of gigantic transnational corporations. ¿Ã‚ ½ All of these definitions of the term agree on the economic aspect of globalization. The process began as one of increasingly international business dealings. However, it is ignorant to not consider other aspects of globalization. A good definition for it is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. It seems that this is the most succinct and precise the definition of globalization can be without ignoring many important aspects of it as some of the previously mentioned definitions do. Globalization and Terrorism In recent years, the world has seen many terrorist attacks or attempted attacks in locations other than where the terrorist(s) originated from. Notably, the majority of these attacks involved Muslim extremist groups. A Madrid train was bombed, as was a London subway. United States embassies in African nations were attacked. Airplanes were hijacked and flown into the World Trade Center in New York. Australia narrowly avoided a terrorist attack. In each of these cases, the terrorists did not come from the country that was targeted. When the media covers the fight against terrorists, people often hear that a government is doing something to stop them without sending any military personnel somewhere in response. Instead, financial assets are frozen to slow terrorists. Terrorist websites may be taken offline. Group cells may be discovered within a targeted country and be shut down by local, state, and/or federal law enforcement officers. Considering what is known about globalization and the current situation of international terrorist activity, one could draw a correlation between globalization and terrorism. It certainly seems that the two are connected. In a speech at the World Media Conference, John O ¿Ã‚ ½Sullivan (2004) identified four components of what he called the  ¿Ã‚ ½world crisis: ¿Ã‚ ½ globalization itself, the mass migration of people over frontiers and the consequent spread of ethnic diasporas, the increased power of religion over secular philosophies, and the extension of the powers and influence of transnational organizations. Are globalization and terrorism linked in any way(s)? If so, how are they linked? By answering these questions, it may be possible to see if globalization causes international terrorism, if international terrorism is simply an unfortunate side effect of globalization or some of its aspects, or if no link exists between the two. Globalization Facilitating Terrorism Some aspects of globalization facilitate terrorism. At its basest meaning, globalization means internationalization. Something is taken from a national setting and projected across the world. Certain nations adopt this, others reject it. When most nations do accept it and adopt it, globalization is taking place. Cronin (2002) suggests that terrorism cemented itself as an international phenomenon in the 1970s and 1980s,  ¿Ã‚ ½evolving in part ¿Ã‚ ½ in reaction to the dramatic explosion of international media influence. ¿Ã‚ ½ At this point in time, news media was truly becoming international in scope. Many broadcasting companies maintained correspondents or sister stations in other nations, sharing information back and forth. This would lead to the first visions of terrorism for many peoples who had never seen it. Presently, the media can be responsible for perpetuating the climate of international terror.  ¿Ã‚ ½For example, there may no longer be ¿Ã‚ ½ a globally organised terror network, but ¿Ã‚ ½ the media have globalised our perception of terror ¿Ã‚ ½ (Gray, 2005). Another aspect to this concept is that the media can be used by terrorists for their purposes. Campbell (2001) reminds his readers Osama bin Laden released his now-infamous recorded statements using instruments of globalization. Many have seen video of bin Laden on American media outlets even though it was originally released to regional network Al-Jazeera. International media certainly is not the main byproduct that facilitates terror. Perhaps the main facilitator stemming from globalization is communications technologies. There are many devices taken for granted in Western society that changed the way terrorists operate, especially digital communications device. Clansmen fighting Americans in Somalia in the early 1990s used digital phones that could not be tapped (Carmody, 2005). The internet, mobile phones, and instant messaging have given many terrorist groups a truly global reach. Leading up to the September 11 attacks, al-Qaeda operatives used Yahoo e-mail, while the presumed leader made reservations online and other members researched topics such as using crop dusters to release chemical agents (Cronin, 2002). Perhaps even more troubling is that these technologies can be used to disperse terrorists to different locations yet stay connected. Cells can stay in touch through internet communications while websites spread ideologies ( Cronin, 2002). It is estimated that al-Qaeda operates in over sixty countries now as a result of using technologies inspired by globalization (Campbell, 2001). According to Campbell (2001), many things sophisticated Western societies have adopted to become more efficient are leaving them more vulnerable to attacks. This includes policies of free trade, relaxed immigration policies, and streamlined border crossing policies. Rojecki (2005) claims the  ¿Ã‚ ½transportation infrastructures that had been credited by some ¿Ã‚ ½ had been used by terrorists. ¿Ã‚ ½ This includes both national and international travel systems. Even financial systems created to make international business simpler can be used for terror instead. Cronin (2002) points out that the fluid movement of financial resources can help terrorists, citing the United States ¿Ã‚ ½ invasion as an example. While the allied forces closed in on the Taliban, money collected by small businessmen was moved across the border by operatives and transferred through an informal banking system to the United Arab Emirates. From there, it became gold bullion and was sent around the world before it could be seized. More concerning is the way organizations are beginning to gather funds to operate. There are many groups with global financing networks, most of them recognized as foreign terrorist organizations. Their sources include nonprofit organizations and charities (whose donors may or may not be aware of their monies ¿Ã‚ ½ use), companies which send revenue to illegal activities, illegal enterprises, and websites set up for donations.  ¿Ã‚ ½The terrorist attacks showed that political globalization is as powerful a phenomenon as the globalization of the economy ¿Ã‚ ½ (Na ¿Ã‚ ½m, 2002). To deal with ever-increasing international relations, many organizations were set up, including the United Nations, the North American Treaty Organizations, the Organization of American States, and so on. In these forums, many people can come together to share ideas. At the same time, similar forums provide a hub for ideas and processes of coordination and cooperation used by terrorists. It is apparent that many things inspired to grow or be created by globalization have unexpectedly been used to facilitate terrorist operations. The international media has made the world much more aware of their aims and activities. Communications technologies have been used to frustrate opposition forces ore ease operations within terrorist groups. Modern conveniences and economic policies have even been known to facilitate terror in some way. International financial systems can help terrorists hide their assets or gather funds. Political globalization can help terrorists meet and share ideas and procedures. It is not a stretch to claim that there are many aspects of globalization that have unfortunately been used to help terrorists. Does Globalization Cause Terrorism? Although a peripheral link between globalization and terrorism has been established, it does not answer a simpler question. Does globalization cause international terrorism? Haydar Bas is quoted by Kuru (2005) as saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a concept originating from the West which has became [sic] a fa ¿Ã‚ ½ade to adamantly impose particular ideas on underdeveloped countries, such as the claim that the borders are removed and nations are cooperating by ignoring their economic, cultural, and civilizational differences. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ There are a few hypotheses in support of the idea. These hypotheses fall into four main categories: cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. There are also claims that globalization and international terrorism are not linked at all. Foreign Policy (2005) found  ¿Ã‚ ½little correlation between a country ¿Ã‚ ½s level of global integration and the number of significant international te rrorist attacks on its soil. ¿Ã‚ ½ It even claims globalization may help countries combat terrorism. However, this study solely looks at numbers; the question to be answered here cannot rely solely on quantitative data. Cultural differences introduced by globalization are thought of as the main cause of international terrorism. If the hypothesis is true that cultural differences cause international terrorism, then it can certainly be said that globalization indirectly causes terrorism. Cronin (2002) states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Foreign intrusions and growing awareness of shrinking global space have created incentives to use the ideal asymmetrical weapon, terrorism, for more ambitious purposes. ¿Ã‚ ½ She also says indigenous peoples blame the perceived corruption of their customs, religions, and languages on an international system American behavior unconsciously molds. The CQ Researcher (2001) mentions cultural differences as a source of conflict many times. Conservative societies are offended by the media image of the United States. There may not be enough solid evidence of cultural differences inciting terrorism though. Campbell (2001) writes,  ¿Ã‚ ½Debates within [the Middle East] center only in the most trivial way on Western  ¿Ã‚ ½contamination, ¿Ã‚ ½ such as by pop music and video games, of their cultures. ¿Ã‚ ½ Rojecki (2005) even says the Huntington hypothesis (culture as the major source of anti-globalization)  ¿Ã‚ ½receives comparatively little support in [the media], perhaps because of the Bush administration ¿Ã‚ ½s strenuous efforts to divide ¿Ã‚ ½ al-Qaeda from Islam in general. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that cultural hypotheses for international terrorism lack solid support and are only popular because they take into account the most obvious differences between the West and Middle East. Economic disparity is another source of hypotheses concerning globalization and international terrorism. The recent invasion of Iraq portrays an  ¿Ã‚ ½image of the West as an enlightened but militarized and muscular liberator, ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½recoups the reality of the global North as ¿Ã‚ ½ a site of mass consumption in a world of horrifying need ¿Ã‚ ½ (Barkawi, 2004). The CQ Researcher (2001) also explores economic disparity as a source of terrorism.  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½With globalization, people tend to compare themselves with bigger and bigger groups, and if you ¿Ã‚ ½re in a poor village in Egypt what you see in U.S. television sitcoms are people with a lot of money, ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ David Byman is quoted. However, economic disparity alone does not seem like it would inspire international terrorism, no matter how well-off Western nations are compared to the rest of the world. There are plenty of nations that are as bad as or worse-off than the Middle East that do not engage in international terrorist activity. That point alone discredits the economic disparity hypothesis. The category of political frustration has two different theories concerning globalization and terrorism. The first theory, presented by Kuru (2005), claims,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization challenges a specific type of state, one that aims to homogenize its citizens through sociocultural policies. ¿Ã‚ ½ This is true of the Middle East and untrue of Western nations. Western nations, being mainly democratic, do not attempt to lump their citizens together as one; rather, a great deal of diversity is present in them. In the Middle East, internal strife is intense, as one group of leaders tries to claim power and keep all people under its law. It does not seem that this challenge should concern leaders very much, considering they constantly struggle against internal opponents. It seems the leader could simply ban access to any international influence. The other type of theory in this category is blaming the West for internal strife. Most of the time, this involves Western nations interfering and installing unfit leaders. As far as politics are concerned, Rojecki (2005), states,  ¿Ã‚ ½Globalization is a cover for reinforcing American dominance with the UN as a fig leaf ¿Ã‚ ½ the United States is said to support corrupt regimes that routinely violate human rights. ¿Ã‚ ½ Carmody (2005) agrees with this idea, saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½Support for repressive governments ¿Ã‚ ½ are likely to prove unstable as [it generates]  ¿Ã‚ ½blowback, ¿Ã‚ ½ unintended negative consequences. ¿Ã‚ ½ History has seen Western installation of repressive regimes throughout the world, so this point has more bearing than the former. Despite any Western nations ¿Ã‚ ½ actions to install ineffective governments, it seems the affected nations are no better at helping themselves. The CQ Researcher (2001) points out,  ¿Ã‚ ½The Muslim world never underwent a movement like the 18th-century Enlightenment in the West, which hastened the demise of religious influence in government. ¿Ã‚ ½ Considering the tendency of the region to reject secular government, it seems the best government to be installed, if secular, would be rejected. Western nations, wary of Islamic terror, cannot be blamed for avoiding the installation of Islamic governments. The final type of hypothesis considers clashing markets, a concept that has not been considered enough. Mousseau (2002) pins the problem of international terrorism solely on this aspect of globalization, stating,  ¿Ã‚ ½In this mixed economy, the clash of clientalist and market cultures can lead to illiberal and unstable democracy, military dictatorship, state failure, sectarian violence, or some combination thereof. ¿Ã‚ ½ It seems that this scenario could lead to the conditions Carmody (2005) claims are responsible for providing opportunity for transnational terrorism,  ¿Ã‚ ½Islamic fundamentalism ¿Ã‚ ½  ¿Ã‚ ½failed states, ¿Ã‚ ½ and the lack of effective territorial control. ¿Ã‚ ½ Clientalist societies and market societies are naturally clashing entities. To summarize, clientalist societies see cooperation as the exchange of gifts, base trust on life-long friendships within small, approved groups, and are very hierarchical. Middle Eastern nations are clientalist societ ies. Market societies place less emphasis on small, approved group loyalty and encourage cooperation with new groups and base loyalty on an agreed-upon sanctity of contracts. Western nations are market societies.  ¿Ã‚ ½From the clientalist perspective, however, those with market values are from out-groups and thus are untrustworthy. Moreover, by expressing self-interest, individuals with market values ¿Ã‚ ½ appear to have no culture and are seemingly interested in little beyond the crude pursuit of material gain ¿Ã‚ ½ (Mousseau, 2002). When this concept is paired with the fact that when people in developing countries see the breakdown of traditional relationships and the surfacing of zero-sum anarchy, they relate them to growing Westernization of their societies, it is not difficult to see that there is potential in this hypothesis. There are two more factors within clientalist societies that contribute to international terrorism. First, privileged persons often emerge as terrorist leaders because they have the most to lose from globalization. They exploit the hierarchical structure and gather many patrons from the economically lowest parts of society. To keep their patrons ¿Ã‚ ½ loya lty, leaders must demonstrate strength. Second, in this society ¿Ã‚ ½s perspective, individuals are responsible for the actions of the entire group. Therefore, terrorist attacks that kill innocent people are justified because leaders are showing strength by killing guilty people (Mousseau, 2002). The hypothesis of clashing market systems is the best explanation for international terrorism. It does need to be further researched and tested to confirm its plausibility, but it definitely seems to be the most rational explanation for international terrorism. Mousseau (2002) sums up his hypothesis by saying,  ¿Ã‚ ½The underlying cause of terror: the deeply embedded anti-market rage brought on by the forces of globalization. ¿Ã‚ ½ Conclusion Globalization is an economically-driven process of business which also makes ideas, cultural behaviors, technologies, and politics global concepts and lead to greater interaction among previously separated groups and/or nations. Recent terrorist attacks and attempted attacks have raised the question: Are globalization and international terrorism connected? There are aspects to globalization that have inadvertently facilitated the rise of international terrorism. International media, communications technologies, conveniences, and international finances have facilitated terrorism on a global scale. The more important question is: Does globalization cause terrorism? The answer to that is unclear. There are many hypotheses, considering cultural differences, economic disparity, political frustration, and clashing market systems. The concept of clashing market systems seems to best answer the question. The theory definitely finds globalization greatly contributes to international terrorism but is not itself the only cause. However, the theory should be further tested and researched to verify its worth.

History Museum Visit Essay

Located on the coast of southern California is the city of La Jolla. Now home to almost 40,000 people, this city shares its own historical story from the past one hundred and fifty years through a series of presentations located within three historical structures. These three structures include, The Westeria Cottage, Carriage House and the Current Headquarters. Each structure contributes its portion in putting together the La Jolla’s Historical Society. Currently, the structures are featuring, Home front La Jolla : An American Community during World War 11. The series includes multiple rooms dedicated to different parts in history, along with the different aspects going on during the war. Each room featured many photographs, artifacts and personal stories to exploit the hardship of these times in our history. Many of these items were either donated or loaned by the Veterans Museum in Balboa Park and the Japanese American Historical Society of San Diego. While researching for museums, early in February I came across the main website for these historical sites. It caught my eye because I knew that this exhibit would cast a different kind of perspective than other grand museums. There are a ton of histories on World War II, but there are very few on the home front experience. The La Jolla Historical Society presents a perspective from its society, and shares multiple personal oral stories from its own residents who lived through the war or their surviving relatives, which I found fascinating. It is catered specifically to the effects of World War II on La Jollians. The oral stories provided by this exhibit are not only about what these residents remember about World War II, but also an intake of what life was like beyond that. I viewed this as a much different approach, but was very excited to begin my experience because I knew it would be something new. On April 7th, 2012, I took the opportunity to travel down to La Jolla and visit the museum. The museum is open Thursday-Sunday, Noon to four PM and does not have a fee at all. I was also fortunate to be able to attend on a day where there was a given lecture at five PM, giving me enough time to grab an early dinner before returning again. The lecture, Science & Technology on the Home front, was covered by an oceanographer and U.S Army veteran Walter Munk. He discussed the scientific innovations sparked by the needs of the war effort precipitating a boom in the fields of marine sciences and aeronautics. Entering the museum, I was introduced into a grand room that was divided up by glass cylinders, and it also offered entrances to many other rooms. Initially where you begin the journey, the right wall played an introduction role. It began with the year of 1894, displaying numerous photographs creating an idea of how life was like in La Jolla at the time. â€Å"Everyone knew everyone† quoted by Maurice Bonny was stated at the top of the wall. Photographs included vacation sports such as the La Jolla Caves, as well as the role of the newly invented Trains and Trolleys played and daily lifestyle activities such as golfing and beachside activities. Continuing along, stood in front of me a large wall with a devastating photograph of the explosives on December 7th, 1941. Underneath was the original copy of the U.S Navy Communication Service from that given day, along with an article written the following day by John MaxConnel. This portion of the exhibit also feautured my first chosen artifact, a scrapbook. The oral history of a World War II veteran, Don Shutte, was done by a La Jolla High School student named Ana Ofresky, especially for this exhibit. Don Schutte donated a scrapbook of artifacts of things throughout his experience. It contained images, personal sketches and official documents, including the telegram the Department of War sent to his parents notifying them of his status as missing in action and a POW identification card he was given by the German Army upon his capture and imprisonment during the Battle of Bulge, on December 16, 1944. The final page of the scrapbook contains a letter he wrote to himself on Dec. 2, 1945, stating: â€Å"Hello there, great to be a civilian, isn’t it?† I found this a significant artifact because it told a story of just one man involved in the war in a very unique way. The documents inside this scrapbook were all original and of items I had never se en before. On the opposite side of the room was a large wall which featured certain camps that La Jolla was hosting at the time. These camps included Camp Callan, Camp Mathews and a military base in Bird Rock. Camp Calvin B. Mathews, also known as Marine Corps. Rifle Range was a military base from 1917 to 1964. It was used as a marksmanship training facility for Marine recruits being trained at Marine Corps Recruit. It was issued a rifle base but not until 1923. The base was then constructed to what is now UCSD. Camp Callen was a United States Army anti-aircraft artillery replacement training center that was operational during the time of war but was shut down right after World War II had ended. Lastly, there was another Naval Anti- Aircraft Training Center at Bird Rock, or Pacific Beach. This was a site where sailors would take a six-day course on anti-aircraft artillery. It was opened from 1942 to 1945 and trained about 300,000 sailors to shoot down aircrafts. In a separate and very small room, was a Japanese American side and point of view during the war. It was set up to look like what s room at the internment camps looked like. â€Å"Most Japanese were interned in 10 camps in remote areas of seven western states. No claim of humane intent could change the reality-these were concentration camps. (pg. 736). The room only included a bed and a suitcase which included bedding, a book and one outfit. On the largest wall was a map that displayed the location of all of the internment camps in the U.S and a copy of a poster of instructions for the Japanese living in these rooms. â€Å"Local newspapers there expressed confidence in the loyalty of Japanese Americans, who in any case were crucial to Hawaii’s economy(pg.736)† The room also displayed many newspaper articles, including one from the Los Angeles Examiner on March 23, 1942 announcing relocation of Japanese Americans from Los Angeles to internment camps. It was good to see an example of what kind of media was out during the time. Also in the room was the story of Hiomi Nakamura, a La Jollian born Japanese American who was first transported to a permanent relocation internment camp site, and later drafted to play a role in the was at a laboratory. Also, in this room I found my second artifact, small carvings. In all of the internment camps, people began making what they needed with whatever materials they could find. Scrap lumber became furniture, found metal became knives and for fun, scrap wood was carved into small, painted birds. These carvings were scrap wood paint metal which women also used as jewelry. To the right of this room continues on to an even smaller room. This part of the exhibit was the â€Å"blackout† room, covered with thick black sheets much like those were used by residents at the time to keep light inside their houses. People were so afraid the Japanese would attack that they had to turn out all of their lights at night. Blackouts were enacted to prevent enemy aircraft from reaching their targets by sight. They also helped prevent ships from being viewed in silhouette against the shore, and vulnerable to attack by enemy submarines. Traffic lights and car lights were covered in a way that would deflect their beams to the ground. This is where another one of my artifacts was inspired, a black sheet. These sheets were a source of protection and I feel it exploits a sense of nationalism as well. The community as a whole worked together in order to make sure all the light in their society was turned off. Nationalism is brought up many times in our textbook startin g with the growth of corporate businesses, to the acts of citizens during all three wars. Finally, came the last and second largest room. In this room I found my two remaining artifacts. This part of the exhibit displayed both men and women’s role during the war. It included stories from women who were living at home, while their men were at war. It provided the perspective of what it was like to be a women or even young mother in La Jolla in the 1940’s. Alongside of the roles played living on the home front, it also displayed the new roles women took inside the war itself. â€Å"World War II brought an end to the military as an exclusive male enclave that women entered only as nurses (pg.730).† At first the government discouraged women who wanted to perform some kind of military service. It soon became clear that the war was going to demand more than the government had expected. Women began to do technical jobs normally performed by men. One of the artifacts that I chose from this room was a nurse’s robe from the Red Cross. This robe was not just your typical plain robe but was covered in patches of each army man they had helped. I was barely able to even see any white apart of the original robe. I chose this artifact because it truly portrayed the crucial role women also played in the war. Our textbook gives us a brief overview from the changes of roles women played during the time of war, but the number of patches on this robe opened my eyes to how much more of an important factor these nurses played taking on a great amount of soldiers. The number of men these women helped were astounding, definitely portraying how import a women’s role was. On the other side of the room was a glassed display of a US Army Air force uniform from 1943-1945. It was considered to be the â€Å"Eisenhower jacket,† based on General Eisenhower. In the display were also a M1903 Springfield Rifle and a M1 Grand Rifle alongside what seemed to be a map. The other artifact that I chose from this room was a silk scar f. Now this long silk scarf had nothing to do with fashion, but proved to be a crucial navigation tool during the war. Allied pilots were issued with these scarves that had detailed maps of enemy territory printed on them. The silk scarves also denoted railroads, canals, roads, frontier, churches and lighthouses. Air Power Shrinks the Globe on page 743 of our textbook discusses the growth of airplanes over the period of time of war. â€Å"The Wellington flew 255 miles an hour and cruised as high as 12,000 feet, with a range of 2,200 miles, whereas the new B-29s could travel more than 350 miles an hour, at altitudes up to 30,000 feet, with a range of up to 5,000 miles. (Pg. 743)† At the time, this was a massive step in the evolution of aircrafts and aircrafts at war, but if we compare this to the type of technology we have in our airplanes it cannot compare. Many of us cannot find our ways around our own city without using our mobile devices to navigate us. These pilots were u sing maps printed on scarves to help direct them around! It is incredible. I believe that the site gave an exceptional insight of how life was like prior, during and after World War 11. Each room explained its story well by the display of artifacts, photographs and touching oral stories it presented. The facility was well outlined timeline which exposed a sequence of events. The exhibit related perfectly to the content of this class with all the information and artifacts it presented. Many of the things presented corresponded with what the book had to say about World War II, along with a lot of new material as well. Overall, I was very pleased to have been able to take a day off and visit the La Jolla Historical Society. I was able to learn a great deal of new material which contributed to a better understanding of what times were like during the war, not only as a nation but to the residents of La Jolla.