Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About Essay Topics for Junior High School

Why Absolutely Everybody Is Talking About Essay Topics for Junior High School Want to Know More About Essay Topics for Junior High School? Every family needs to have a all-natural disaster survival program. Most people obtain their very first love in high school. For instance, students might write about the advantages of a vegan diet. All parents ought to be asked to attend parenting classes before having a kid. Mixed martial arts ought to be banned. Writing about the reason and effect essay topics connected to the school's popularity or surviving the initial year in college could be fine to grab the interest of your peers. The perfect way to improve writing skills is via regular practice. As a students, there are many theoretical majors like math, physics and chemistry that they need to take their most time and create every their effort to learn. Essay Topics for Junior High School - Overview Tell the advantages of having a collection, and explain how someone can start to grow a group of her or his own. Men and women like to collect and display items which have sentimental value or distinctive appeal. In high school, you're supposed to decide on the sort of topic you're going to be in a position to dig into that is, you've got to be sure you can discover enough info on the topic. Deciding on a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Essay Topics for Junior High School Fundamentals Explained MLA would be the simplest style to begin with, and it's ideal for each of the ideas listed above. Parents need to remain alert to which subjects are somewhat more difficult. They need to clarify and make their child understand that they will always love the child, but not love what they do sometimes. Parents of bullies should need to pay a fine. 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Choosing Essay Topics for Junior High School Is Simple Think about the local evening news program and why you ought to be chosen as the student reporter. Entering the college years is something whi ch's really tough for children. Directions for Writing Think about the significance of experiencing a mobile phone. The style, topic and voice of your private essay needs to have the punch to earn the audience think. The Basics of Essay Topics for Junior High School Think about a few teens you know. American teenagers have argued they drink anyway even though it's illegal for them to achieve that. There are several bright students out there who don't get accepted to a lot of colleges because the student near them out-lied or exaggerated more than they did. Imagine your school does not own a school newspaper. You've invited your two best friends to devote the afternoon at your house. Consider what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. Think of one thing you're expected to learn in school that you don't think ought to be included in the curriculum. Choosing Essay Topics for Junior High School Normally, a structure of essay contains three key sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. Once you comprehend the kind of essay, it's time to choose a topic. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to attain in your essay, there are plenty of categories essay themes may be broken into. An essay has to be broken into paragraphs to ensure it is readable. The introduction could begin with a quote or might be a joke, if it suits the subject of the essay. After you have the topic, answer the question and after that support your answer with three or more explanations for why you believe it. It's needless to say that you should go for a subject that you regard as interesting. The Principles of Essay Topics for Junior High School That You Can Benefit From Beginning Immediately Directions for Writing Before you start writing, think of why it is your preferred shop. Everything on the planet is interrelated. Categories, essay topics might be divided into. Directions for Writing Before you start writing, consider which is your favourite holiday and why.

Jetblue - 596 Words

JetBlue Airways Corporation (NASDAQ: JBLU) is an American low-cost airline with its main base John F. Kennedy International Airport, also in Queens. In 2001, JetBlue began a focus city operation at Long Beach Airport in Long Beach, California, and another at Bostons Logan International Airport, in 2004. It also has focus city operations at Fort Lauderdale – Hollywood International Airport and Orlando International Airport. The airline mainly serves destinations in the United States, along with flights to the Caribbean, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Mexico. As of November 8, 2010 JetBlue serves 62 destinations in 21 states (including Puerto Rico), and eleven countries in the Caribbean and†¦show more content†¦On April 19, 2010, JetBlue announced new service from Bradley International Airport in Hartford, Connecticut starting on November 17, 2010. They will offer twice daily non-stops (four daily departures) to Fort Lauderdale and Orlando. C. OBJECTIVES AND DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM STATEMENT The case evaluation aims to achieve the following: 1. To determine the best stock valuation model applicable to JetBlue’s IPO shares 2. To distinguish the difference of using different stock valuation models 3. To calculate the offering price of the new IPO shares 4. To confirm if the share price suggested by management is reasonable or not 5. To identify the risks involved in oversubscribed shares Based from the stated objectives above, the following were defined for the case: MAIN PROBLEM TO BE RESOLVED: What would be the appropriate offering price for the new IPO shares of JetBlue Airways Corporation listed in NASDAQ which would not only help the firm raise short-term capital requirements but would also provide positive returns to its shareholders in the future? UNDERLYING PROBLEM(S)/ISSUE(S) TO BE RESOLVED: 1. What should be the best stock valuation model applicable to JetBlue’s IPO shares? 2. What would be the impact of these valuation models on the calculated offering price for its IPO shares? 3. Is theShow MoreRelatedJetblue3939 Words   |  16 PagesJetBlue Questions for Discussion 1. Give examples of needs, wants, and demands that JetBlue customers demonstrate, differentiating these three concepts. What are the implications of each for JetBlue’s practices? * First of all people who go to an airline are because they have the need to travel, which the main feature is. Inducing the consumer or person, as their main need. * JetBlue customers to contract your travel company this time JetBlue, wanted a good service duringRead MoreJetblue Airways Corporation ( Jetblue ) Essay789 Words   |  4 PagesJetBlue Airways Corporation (JetBlue), often called â€Å"New York’s Hometown Airline,† operates in the airline industry. It was incorporated in August 1998, began service in February 2000 and by the end of 2013 had grown to become the fifth largest passenger carrier in the United States based on revenue passenger miles. According to the JetBlue website (2014) in 1999, David Neeleman announced his plans to launch a new airline, â€Å"New Air.† By the end of 2000 JetBlue had reported $100 million in revenueRead MoreJetblue Airways1854 Words   |  8 PagesSTRATEGIC MANAGEMENT amp; POLICY COMM 4005 / SP1 MODULE 3 JETBLUE AIRWAYS: A CADRE OF NEW MANAGERS TAKES CONTROL JETBLUE AIRWAYS Question 1 David Neelman’s original strategic vision was to ‘bring humanity back to air travel’ through combing low fares of a discount airline carrier with the comforts of a small cozy den in people’s homes. David’s strategic vision is a good one, but the strategic objectives, strategy development, and implementation and execution should be modified toRead MoreJetblue Organizational Plan761 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Plan Introduction JetBlue is known as the airline that promises, and also delivers. JetBlue delivers Air flight of the future, with new jets and the lowest fares available. JetBlue has proved to the world that one can have it all. JetBlue’s Airways started in 2000 with the mission as stated by the founder Neeleman: â€Å"to bring humanity back to air travel by offering passengers low fares, friendly service, and high-quality product† (Ford, 2004, p.139). JetBlue has five core values that theyRead MoreJetblue Case Analysis1111 Words   |  5 PagesJetBlue Airways airline was established by David Neeleman as a low-fare airline with high-quality customer service. His goal was to create an airline that was innovative for the current market. Their main focus was to provide service to areas that were underserved as well as to large cities with overpriced fares. He aimed to establish a strong brand that differentiated itself from its competitors by being a safe, reliable and low cost-airline . Neeleman managed to achieve this partially by hiringRead MoreJetblue-Case Study3327 Words   |  14 Pages2001, p.5).   Overall, Jet Blue Airways has lived up to its mission of caring for its people. JetBlue Airway is an airline industry. Founder is David Neeleman, a Salt Lake City entrepreneur. The eighth largest passenger carrier in United State. Have won many awards including â€Å"Best Domestic Airline†, â€Å"Best Domestic Airline Value† and â€Å" Best Overall Airline†. The case study discuss on the JetBlue Corporation emphasize on its founder, on its financial performance, human resource management practicesRead MoreJetblue Case Study2073 Words   |  9 PagesJetBlue and Song: Competitive Rivalry between Low-Cost Carriers Case Analysis 2 Kathleen Quicho Prof. Rosalinda B. Lacerona Faculty, MGE 11A Time Context 2013 (Present) JetBlue is a United States domestic airline company who operates on a  low-cost principle which translates into cheaper airfares to its customers. In February 2007 JetBlue underwent a  particular event that could have been its last. Since its beginning in 1998 JetBlue became the 11th  largest company in the industryRead MoreJetblue Bmgt 364 Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesBrockunier Abstract This paper outlines the formation of a vision statement, the mission and the values that JetBlue and Southwest airlines embrace. A firm can initiate strategic management once it forms a mission statement. That statement allows forms to aspire to its potential while bearing in mind what it wants to avoid as it successfully grows. JetBlue and Southwest airlines mission has been primarily to govern the way they conduct business and the desire to serve customersRead MoreJetblue Swot Analysis2110 Words   |  9 PagesSWOT Analysis: JetBlue Airways DeVry University Online by Keith Escher Organizational History Known as one of the very few airlines which has actually managed to make a profit since the downturn in the travel business, which was a result of the September 11th attacks, JetBlue Airways continues to pride itself by living up to its dedication of â€Å"bringing humanity back to air travel†(JetBlue Bill of Rights). JetBlue was incorporated in Delaware in August 1998 and was foundedRead MoreJetBlue case analysis3419 Words   |  14 PagesEnvironment To evaluate the external environment of JetBlue airways we will use the PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis stands for â€Å"Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal analysis†. Political Factors How and to what extent the government does intervenes in the economy. Political factors can be tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors that are found in the JetBlue case are: Government monitors the airline industry

Empirical Investigation of Consumer Perceptions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Empirical Investigation of Consumer Perceptions. Answer: Introduction: The complexities of business have been improvising over the years with profound references to the increasing prominence of globalization and international business. The measures adopted by large scale organizations to address alternative target markets in the existing business jurisdiction of the enterprise as well as entering new markets which are novel for the organization (Ahmed d'Astous, 2008). It is imperative for organizations to understand the feasible outcomes that can be derived from expanding into new markets especially in terms of increased brand reputation, improvement in market share and sustainability for the business. As per Ahmed d'Astous, the impact of globalization and international business can be observed explicitly in different industries with substantial disparities in terms of outcomes (Ahmed d'Astous, 2001). However, the fast food industry has been able to gain a strong foothold in majority of international markets with the flexible and strategic approaches for market entry and cultural diversification followed by organizations. The major market players in the food and beverage industry such as McDonalds, KFC and Starbucks have acquired drastic global exposure with their product changes and effective pricing mechanisms as well as marketing alignment with individual local cultures in international markets (Ahmed d Astous, 1995). The following report reflects on the case of Dunkin Donuts and its preferred entry into the international market of China. The capabilities of Dunkin Donuts for launching its iconic product brands in the worlds most populated country could be assumed as the expl icit motivation for the following report. The product and service description for Dunkin Donuts could be assumed as a credible requirement for justifying the selection of China as the international market to venture into. The competitive advantage of the organization is vested in the benefits provided to customers in the form of effective services and products which ensure customer loyalty (Al-Sulaiti Baker, 1998). The services of Dunkin Donuts employees are based on the treatment of the customer as the boss which leads employees to deliver services in the most appealing form. As per Baines Harris, the primary products of the organization are baked goods and coffee with the finest ingredients that provide the advantage of novelty and uniqueness to the products of Dunkin Donuts (Baines Harris, 2000). The doughnuts products offered by the company could be observed in an assortment of powered, frosted and glazed variants of 31 different types of doughnuts. The organization also serves other products for customers such as Eclair, Coffee Rolls and Munchkins which add to the improvement in the experience for customers. The entry of Dunkin Donuts into China is however characterized with the provision of Chili oil-glazed flavours, pork floss and seaweed topped rounds as its products is evident owing to the previous failed attempts of the organization to enter the Chinese market (Balabanis, Mueller M elewar, 2002). The nature of the product facilitated by Dunkin Donuts is tangible and is largely reflective of the requirements of consumer service industry dynamics. Furthermore, the case of Dunkin Donuts has to review the justification for selecting China as a viable marketplace for the intended international market entry of the organization on the basis of a clear analysis of the external environment factors (Balestrini Gamble, 2006). The analysis of the external market environment could be accomplished through the use of models such as PESTEL analysis for China which could facilitate comprehensive insights into the political, economic, cultural, geographic and technological aspects of the market environment. The external environment analysis is mandatory to weigh the competences and available resources of the organization with respect to the analysis outcomes in order to observe the feasibility of the decision of Dunkin Donuts to expand in China (Becker, Benner Glitsch, 2000). The following section would illustrate the major dimensions associated with the international market condition in China on the basis of which the country can be validated as a recommendation for international market expansion of Dunkin Donuts (Bloemer, Brijs Kasper, 2009). Political factors are primarily tied to the aspects of regulations, government policy and law which could render formidable impact on government decision and economic factors. The implications of changes in labour laws introduced by the government could lead to formidable changes in the structures of job and leniency for employment. This factor leads to the rise in unemployment owing to the provision of basic employment to people without any prospects for training in new skills (Bruning, 1997). However, the government has implemented necessary measures such as financing the labour intensive sectors in order to improve job availability. Initiation of drives to encourage foreign trade could be observed as prominent highlights of contemporary foreign trade policies adopted by the government which is responsible for increasing prospects for foreign direct investments (Chao Rajendran, 1993). The favourable political ties between the US and China could also be accounted as factors which address the concerns pertaining to insecurities of Dunkin Donuts observed in context of daily life, jobs and the government. Economic factors are capable of inducing major changes in a business which could be influential on the major aspects of capital availability, supply, demand and cost. The limitations on capital cost could be complemented with high demand in order to acquire higher investment from the organization as well as improving the production volumes. Furthermore, the impact of the economic recession has enabled the prospects for smaller companies to acquire a stand in the business market alongside competing with others (Chattalas, Kramer Takada, 2008). The recent economic development observed in the case of China could be apprehended as a major influence on the prospects for organizations. The implications of the Bank of China could be observed in terms of reviewing monetary policies which can facilitate improvement and decrease in the interest rates. The specialized initiatives for ensuring transparency of financial transactions which international organizations have in the economic framework (Chen Pereira, 1999). Environmental factors involve refer to the preferences of the Chinese society for businesses to adopt eco friendly practices and resources. The prominence of green economy in China could account as flexible opportunities for an organization to realize prominent advantages to accomplish strategic flexibility (Chryssochoidis, Krystallis Perreas, 2007). The implications of using low carbon technology, emissions reductions and relevant green economy characteristics could be beneficial for organizations to realize a formal depiction of their corporate social responsibilities. Social aspects that could be observed in China for validating its choice as an international market for Dunkin Donuts could be observed in the importance of education, changing lifestyles of the Chinese population, shifting of rural individuals to urban locations and the preferences of the local population for leisure and work (Chu, et al., 2010). The family structures observed in China also favour the decision of Dunkin Donuts that can be leveraged for alternative approaches to product design. Technological improvements are accessible in China with the prominent implications for investments in research pertaining to innovation for improving technology transfer and address the emerging concerns of energy requirements (Clarke, Owens Ford, 2000). The increasing adoption of internet and related communication technologies is responsible for inducing new channels for marketing for organizations in the customer service sector such as Dunkin Donuts. The observation of the above factors in the external environment for Dunkin Donuts in the new international market i.e. China provides a feasible validation for selection of the market (d'Astous Ahmed, 1995). Competitor identification: The prominent highlights that could be observed in this section refer to an illustration of the competitors of Dunkin Donuts, recent growth trends in the fast food industry and competitive factors. The competitors of Dunkin Donuts in the Chinese market could be identified in McDonalds and KFC which have established formidable presence in the international market (d'Astous, et al., 2008). The western fast food culture was introduced by KFC in 1987 with its first restaurant in Beijing which has progressed to the extent at which the organization is serving more than 10 million consumers every day in the Chinese market. The capabilities of KFC as a pioneer in the industry are also reflected in the association of the supply chain of the organization with local standards thereby ensuring formidable integration. The organization maintains its quality standards alongside maintaining a local supply chain which account for its competitive advantage in the market (Demirbag, Sahadev Mellahi, 2010). The advent of McDonalds was not observed until late 1990 when the organization found its first restaurant in the Guangdong Province. The major source of competitive advantage for the organization in the international market of China could be observed on the grounds of competences such as globally standardized service, operating policies and products (Drozdenko Jensen, 2009). The marketing alignment of the organization to specific target customer groups could be assumed as an explicit source of competitive advantage for the organization in Chinese market. As per Ettenson Gaeth, the market share of the organizations depicts the prominent challenges that can be imposed by them for Dunkin Donuts which are estimated to be 0.5% for McDonalds and 1.3% for KFC (Ettenson Gaeth, 1991). The competitive environment in the fast food industry is also likely to be affected by the future trend of increasing emphasis on legal obligations for health and safety of food products. The fast food industry is highly criticized on the grounds of provision of unhealthy food which has to be addressed by organizations as a competitive factor (Ferguson, Dadzie Johnston, 2008). Therefore organizations which could be able to address the requirements of health and safety in context of fast food products can obtain competitive advantage over others in the market. Cultural Profile: The cultural profile of China can be established through references to the references to Geert Hofstedes dimensions of national culture which comprise of power distance, individualism, masculinity, long term orientation and uncertainty avoidance (Glitsch, 2000). China could be assumed as a highly collectivist society wherein people are identified to be associated with each other and individuals prioritize the interest of others in the family over their personal interests. The implications of a highly collectivist culture could be observed in the in-group considerations for family members during promotion and selection initiatives (Hamin Elliott, 2006). The aspect of masculinity is higher in the national culture of China that defines the progress of society on the basis of achievement, success and competition. The prominent example of the higher masculinity aspect can be observed in the Chinese culture where work is prioritized over leisure and family time and the emphasis of students on ranking and exam scores as prime criteria for accomplishing success (Hamzaoui Essoussi Merunka, 2007). Uncertainty avoidance depicts the capability of a society to address the concerns that could emerge in the future (Hamzaoui Merunka, 2006). China does not depict substantial uncertainty avoidance as the culture is dependent on pragmatism and reforming laws according to the present situation. The national culture of China is also characterized by ambiguities with the references to different ambiguous meanings observed in the Chinese language. Power distance is highly observed in the Chinese national culture and accepts the inequalities among people flexibly that is characterized by the example of polarized relationship of superior and subordinate (Harcar Kaynak, 2008). Long term orientation aspect indicates the association of national cultures with the past in order to address the challenges observed in the present and future. The Chinese national culture emphasizes on a high score of long term orientation since it is directed along the lines of pragmatism that can be observed in the encouragement of international education among students in order to address the concerns of future (Heslop, Lu Cray, 2008). The culture depicts formidable abilities to adapt to different conditions while the people have the notable characteristic of perseverance to accomplish their objectives. Customer attitude towards product: The impact of a customers perception regarding the product is a mandatory requirement for ensuring the sale of the product. The different factors which could be identified as impactful on the perception of customers regarding the products of Dunkin Donuts in China comprise of Consumer animosity, consumer disidentification, country of origin effect, consumer affinity and consumer ethnocentrism (Heslop, Nadeau O'Reilly, 2010). The analysis of these elements could provide the basis for strategic recommendations. The country of origin effect refers to the approach followed by customers for associating with foreign brands and making their purchase decisions accordingly (Hui Zhou, 2003). The country of origin effect is responsible for influencing customer perception of a product based on the country where the product is manufactured. Consumer ethnocentrism is observed in the isolation of culturally different products which could be based on the presence of foreign ingredients and the encroachment of western culture (Insch Florek, 2009). The aspects of customer disidentification could be observed in the dissent of customers for products from the domestic country which leads to favourable prospects for foreign brands to earn competitive advantage. The impact of customer affinity has been observed explicitly in the cases of large firms such as Apple, Polo etc. which describes the long term relationship of a brand with the customers (Johansson, 1989). The impact of customer affinity is reflected in the requirement of lower costs for product launch. If consumer affinity is low then the organization would have to invest in addressing the negative factors affecting customer affinity in order to acquire new customers. The review of these factors in the case of Dunkin Donuts reflects that the aspects of customer disidentification can favour its international operation while the organization could gain support through addressing the concerns of customer affinity, country of origin effect in marketing and consumer ethnocentrism (Josiassen, Lukas Whitwell, 2008). Market segmentation, targeting and positioning: The traditional model of STP is implemented for the strategic planning for international market entry. Segmentation of the markets is ensured through division of the selected market into different sub groups in order to facilitate their different products and services. The observation of customer segments facilitates prominent competitive advantage for an organization like Dunkin Donuts which has already depicted proficiency through inclusion of coffee in its product line (Kaynak, Kucukemiroglu Hyder, 2000). The types of segmentation approach that can be followed by Dunkin Donuts include geographical, demographic, behavioural and psychographic segmentation. Geographic segmentation can be based on the locations of customers and can be applied in context of this case through location of the stores near busy business districts where people would be able to access breakfast. The demographic segmentation could be identified for the organization in the form of different customer groups on the basis of occupation, income, education, gender and age. Psychographic segmentation is intended for categorizing customers on the basis of lifestyle preferences which is helpful for Dunkin Donuts to design tailor-made products such as products to remark the Chinese New Year with indigenous flavours (Khan Bamber, 2007). The impact of behavioural segmentation could also be observed in this case which suggests the division of the market on the basis of a users attitude or response to a specific product. Market segmentation has to be followed with the targeting process which is responsible for identifying the specific audience and analyze the customer segments alongside approaches to address the individual segments (Khmel'nyts' ka Swift, 2010). The individual stages involved in the targeting stage would refer to evaluation of the market segments, selection of target market segments, selection of a targeting strategy and ensuring compliance with social responsibilities in targeted marketing. The aspects of market targeting enable an organization to improve its marketing campaigns and production capabilities in accordance with the distinct needs of various market groups (Kim Thorndike Pysarchik, 2000). The major aspects that must be taken into consideration while addressing the market targeting refer to buyer preferences, existing market environment and competitor actions. Finally, an organization has to position itself in the international market through communicating value differences, selection of areas of competitive advantage that lead to the finalization of a positioning strategy. The positioning strategy is defined by the value proposition presented by the organization in the market environment (Kim, 2006). Market entry: The most feasible market entry and expansion strategy for Dunkin Donuts would be observed in the method of a joint venture and franchising. The organizations franchisee Golden Cup would supervise the international outlets in China. The requirement of selection of franchising in a joint venture in the case of Dunkin Donuts can be validated on the grounds of two failed attempts of the company to enter the international market of China. The first attempt of the organization to enter the Chinese market in 1994 was direct and failed since customers were not acquainted with the brand and disliked the primary products i.e. glazed doughnuts (Kinra, 2006). The companys second attempt to enter Chinese market was observed in 2008 which also resulted in failure due to the changing preferences of customers and their requirements for sophistication. The effect of adopting a joint venture strategy for international market entry and expansion could be validated in the form of experience that could be facilitated by local franchises and the financial aid required for the organization to ensure sustainable growth of the enterprise in international market (Knight Calantone, 2000). Furthermore, the organization would have the opportunity to tap into evidence based approaches from the observations of partners firms in joint venture and franchisees in order to improve their international market performance (Lawrence, Marr Prendergast, 1992). The organizations expansion strategy has been established according to the agreements of the joint venture and the organization aims to expand its stores to a count of 1400 in a course of 20 years. The expansion of Dunkin Donuts would be primarily based on the provision of tailored products to the local culture and novel product designs to cater the changing preferences of customers (Lentz, Holzmller Schirrmann, 2006). The organization could also emphasize on its promotion as a status brand rather than a convenience option which would improve the sustainability of the expansion strategy of Dunkin Donuts. Strategic recommendations: The prominent highlights of the report were observed in the review of the nature of products and services of Dunkin Donuts, selection of an international market, cultural dimensions of the international market and valid suggestions for market segmentation, targeting and positioning (Lim OCass, 2001). The organization should emphasize on the cultural aspects such as high collectivism and long term orientation could be leveraged by the organization to promote culturally aligned products as well as new products among culturally adaptive customers. The references to the external environment available for Dunkin Donuts in the Chinese market suggest that the aspects of foreign direct investment and political favourability for foreign trade could be useful for the organization to ensure long term success in the international market (Maronick, 1995). The aspects of customer perception for a product could be addressed in the marketing approaches of the organization which should maintain a thin line between communicating the brand as a status brand and its capability to adapt to the indigenous culture. While the aspect of customer disidentification could be assumed as a feasible indicator for promoting the organization as an international brand, the organization should be able to improve customer affinity and reduce ethnocentrism which can be considered as formidable challenge for the organization (Phau Suntornnond, 2006). The prominent impact of market segmentation, targeting and positioning provide insights into the significance of working professionals and youngsters as the specific market segments which could be addressed with the value propositions of access to international products at flexible prices. References Ahmed, S.A. and d'Astous, A., 2008. Antecedents, moderators and dimensions of country-of-origin evaluations.International Marketing Review,25(1), pp.75-106. Ahmed, S.A. and d'Astous, A., 2001. Canadian Consumers'perceptions Of Products Made In Newly Industrializing East Asian Countries.International Journal of Commerce and Management,11(1), pp.54-81. Ahmed, S.A. and d Astous, A., 1995. Comparison of country of origin effects on household and organizational buyers product perceptions.European Journal of Marketing,29(3), pp.35-51. Al-Sulaiti, K.I. and Baker, M.J., 1998. Country of origin effects: a literature review.Marketing Intelligence Planning,16(3), pp.150-199. Baines, P.R. and Harris, P., 2000. Kite flying: the role of marketing in the post-BSE British beef export industry.British Food Journal,102(5/6), pp.454-464. Balabanis, G., Mueller, R. and Melewar, T.C., 2002. The human values lenses of country of origin images.International Marketing Review,19(6), pp.582-610. Balestrini, P. and Gamble, P., 2006. Country-of-origin effects on Chinese wine consumers.British Food Journal,108(5), pp.396-412. Becker, T., Benner, E. and Glitsch, K., 2000. Consumer perception of fresh meat quality in Germany.British Food Journal,102(3), pp.246-266. Bloemer, J., Brijs, K. and Kasper, H., 2009. The CoO-ELM model: A theoretical framework for the cognitive processes underlying country of origin-effects.European Journal of Marketing,43(1/2), pp.62-89. Bruning, E.R., 1997. Country of origin, national loyalty and product choice: the case of international air travel.International Marketing Review,14(1), pp.59-74. Chao, P. and Rajendran, K.N., 1993. Consumer profiles and perceptions: country-of-origin effects.International Marketing Review,10(2). Chattalas, M., Kramer, T. and Takada, H., 2008. The impact of national stereotypes on the country of origin effect: A conceptual framework.International Marketing Review,25(1), pp.54-74. Chen, H.C. and Pereira, A., 1999. 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Multidimensional country-of-origin effects on product evaluations: A study in Morocco.International Journal of Commerce and Management,5(3), pp.32-45. d'Astous, A., Giraud Voss, Z., Colbert, F., Caru, A., Caldwell, M. and Courvoisier, F., 2008. Product-country images in the arts: A multi-country study.International Marketing Review,25(4), pp.379-403. Demirbag, M., Sahadev, S. and Mellahi, K., 2010. Country image and consumer preference for emerging economy products: the moderating role of consumer materialism.International Marketing Review,27(2), pp.141-163. Drozdenko, R. and Jensen, M., 2009. Translating country-of-origin effects into prices.Journal of Product Brand Management,18(5), pp.371-378. Ettenson, R. and Gaeth, G., 1991. Consumer perceptions of hybrid (bi-national products).Journal of Consumer Marketing,8(4), pp.13-18. Ferguson, J.L., Dadzie, K.Q. and Johnston, W.J., 2008. Country-of-origin effects in service evaluation in emerging markets: some insights from five West African countries.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,23(6), pp.429-437. Glitsch, K., 2000. Consumer perceptions of fresh meat quality: cross-national comparison.British Food Journal,102(3), pp.177-194. Hamin and Elliott, G., 2006. A less-developed country perspective of consumer ethnocentrism and country of origin effects: Indonesian evidence.Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics,18(2), pp.79-92. Hamzaoui Essoussi, L. and Merunka, D., 2007. Consumers' product evaluations in emerging markets: does country of design, country of manufacture, or brand image matter?.International Marketing Review,24(4), pp.409-426. Hamzaoui, L. and Merunka, D., 2006. The impact of country of design and country of manufacture on consumer perceptions of bi-national products' quality: an empirical model based on the concept of fit.Journal of Consumer Marketing,23(3), pp.145-155. Harcar, T. and Kaynak, E., 2008. Life-style orientation of rural US and Canadian consumers: Are regio-centric standardized marketing strategies feasible?.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,20(4), pp.433-454. Heslop, L.A., Lu, I.R. and Cray, D., 2008. Modeling country image effects through an international crisis.International Marketing Review,25(4), pp.354-378. Heslop, L.A., Nadeau, J. and O'Reilly, N., 2010. China and the Olympics: views of insiders and outsiders.International Marketing Review,27(4), pp.404-433. Hui, M.K. and Zhou, L., 2003. Country-of-manufacture effects for known brands.European journal of marketing,37(1/2), pp.133-153. Insch, A. and Florek, M., 2009. Prevalence of country of origin associations on the supermarket shelf.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,37(5), pp.453-471. Johansson, J.K., 1989. Determinants and Effects of the Use of Made in Labels.International Marketing Review,6(1). 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The Challenges Facing Administration Motor free essay sample

Motor vehicle owners in Kenya were legally compelled to take out insurance against traffic accidents involving third parties in the mid 1940s under the Road Traffic Act (RTA). The history of public service vehicles (PSV) dates back to the late 1950s when there appeared a new form of taxi operating between the city centre of Nairobi and Makadara in Eastland of the city. The fare, irrespective of distance was thirty cents, the Kiswahili equivalent being â€Å"mapeni matatu,’ which was adopted as reference to this taxi and shortened to â€Å"Matatu† (Timbwa, 1985). The origin of Matatu industry can be traced from the type of transport system that operated in towns in the early 1960s. Initially, the Kenya Bus Service existed since 1934 as the sole legal provider of public transport services. It was jointly owned by the United Transport Overseas Ltd (75%) and the Nairobi City Council (25% of the shares). Public transport in Kenya, especially in urban areas is dominated by Matatu vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on The Challenges Facing Administration Motor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the early 1960s, the total number of Matatus operating in the country was less than 400 and operated in form of taxis. In 1973, President Jomo Kenyatta, responding to lobbying from Matatu operators declared that they were a legal mode of transport and could carry fare paying passengers without obtaining special licenses to do so but had to comply with existing insurance and traffic regulations (Aduwo, 1992). By 1990, of the 333,300 vehicles registered in the country, 17,600 were Matatus (Bhushan, 1993 cited in Muyia, 1995). By 2003, the number of Matatus operating in both urban and rural areas was estimated at 40,000 (Asingo, 2004). They comprised of Nissans, mini-buses and pickups. They provided employment to nearly 160,000 persons and generated vast revenue for the Government in form of charges for licenses, duty, VAT and other taxes. In addition, the industry plays a leading role in transportation of persons and goods in both rural and urban areas. Unfortunately, the industry’s vast growth has been accompanied by increasing road traffic accidents that have threatened safety of Kenyan travelers. The accidents increased by 182% from 3,578 in 1963 to 10,106 in 1989 and 11,785 in 1994 (Muyia, 1995). In these accidents, 2,014 persons were killed, 6,650 were seriously injured and 11,094 had minor injuries. The causes of the accidents included reckless driving, non-roadworthy vehicles, overloading and poor conditions of the roads. 1. 1. 1. Underwriting Underwriting is the selection and rating of risks by the insurer (Canner, 2007). There are various considerations that guide the underwriting process leading to the decision as whether to accept a given risk or not and if accepted at what premium rate. The key considerations in motor underwriting include; Use of the vehicle, District of garage, Make and type of the vehicle, seating and carrying capacity, the type of cover required, the driver’s details and the value and age of the vehicle. Use, refers to whether the vehicle is public hire or Private hire. District of garage refers to the address where the vehicle is normally garaged. Make and type of the vehicle specifies whether the vehicle is an Isuzu van, Toyota saloon, Mazda bus etc. Seating and carrying capacity refers to the number of passengers including the driver and the size of the engine. The type of cover required could be third party only (TPO), third party fire and theft (TPFT) or comprehensive. The driver’s details include age, sex, experience, conviction and accident history while the value and age of the vehicle refers to the sum insured and the year of manufacture of the vehicle. Passenger carrying vehicles are generally categorized into the following three classes for underwriting purposes; public hire vehicles, private hire Chauffeur driven vehicles and private hire self-drive vehicles (Canner, 2007). Public hire vehicles are licensed to ply for hire. They include vans, mini-buses and pick- ups. The vehicles are hailed in the streets though local bylaws restrict the waiting points of such vehicles. This class is regarded as the highest risk because of maximum use of the vehicle and drivers coupled with high levels of moral hazard. Private Hire Chauffeur driven vehicles are hired for passenger travel through the operator’s office or agency. The vehicles tend to cover extensive mileage with drivers working for long shifts. One sector of this class which is regarded as good is the prestige limousine arena where vehicles are used for wedding purposes, as hearses and for other private functions. Finally, Private Hire Self-drive vehicles are made available to the hirer. Regrettably the vehicles which fall under this class are misused by the hirers. To mitigate this, a pre and post-hire inspection is carried out by the owners of the vehicles (poll M. , et al, 2009). 1. 1. 2. Experience in Kenya Kenya, with an average of 7 deaths from the 35 crashes that occur each day, has one of the highest road fatality rates in relation to vehicle ownership in the world. Nearly 3,000 people are killed on Kenyan roads annually. This translates to approximately 68 deaths per 1,000 registered vehicles, which is 30-40 times greater than in highly motorized countries. Road traffic crashes are the third leading cause of death after malaria and HIV/AIDS and present major public health problems in terms of morbidity, disability and associated health care costs. Despite this huge burden, road safety measures in place are ineffective, characterized by crack downs on motor vehicles following tragic road crashes. These accidents have been occasioned by the government’s neglect of the road sub-sector in the past 10-15 years (Odero et. l 2003). Insurance companies in the country have been accused of operating like a cartel by agreeing on specific premium rates across the sector. Kimutai, (2009) argues that contrary to a free market economy, insurance companies fix the premiums instead of letting the market forces determine them. However Gichuhi, (2009) observes that the Association of Kenya Insurers (AKI) does no t set rates but advises members on what they can charge based on the statistics collected from both the local and international markets. Makove (2009) contends that motor risks are under his close watch due to a number of reasons. First, motor insurance, particularly third party risks, is compulsory. Secondly, companies that have collapsed have been motor underwriters. Premiums charged must be able to service claims, company expenses and commission to the agents as well as return a little element of profit for the company. Muhindi (2009) adds that even the Policy Holders Protection Fund will suffer because all companies will not accept to contribute to it if companies start going under because, say, PSV underwriters are not charging the right premiums. If an insurer collapses due to uneconomical rates, then obviously it shakes the public confidence in the industry in general. Omogeni (2009) observes that cartel or not, the process of setting insurance premiums needs a re-examination for the parties unhappy with the present system to not only get but also see justice being done. The insurance industry suffered a major setback when another motor underwriter, Standard Assurance Kenya Ltd, went under in 2008. The heavily indebted insurance firm was placed under statutory management over its inability to settle some Sh100 million in outstanding claims owed to policyholders and creditors. The closure followed closely on a similar incident involving another motor underwriter, Invesco, which closed its doors in 2009 but was resuscitated early in 2010. Other insurance companies which have gone under in similar circumstances are Kenya National Assurance in 1996, Access Insurance in1997, Stallion Insurance in1998, Lakestar Insurance in 2003 and United Insurance in 2006 (Okoth, 2009). Problems in the PSV underwriting business have remained intact since the Kenya Motor Insurance Pool collapsed in 1979. The PSV insurance sector, avoided by most insurers, is among the most affected by delays in reviewing the Insurance Act. The PSV insurance sector is seen as a cash cow for fraudsters or ambulance chasers, with elaborate networks that include unscrupulous medical personnel, motor repairers and spare parts dealers, police, lawyers and assessors, among others. This network is so well entrenched that it is attributed to the collapse of motor pools, an initiative that was meant to address weaknesses of the sub-sector (Okoth, 2009). Previously, there have been several unsuccessful attempts to address these challenges. The first compulsory Kenya Motor Pool was established in 1974 but it faced serious challenges, including the withdrawal of the state-owned KNAC in 1979 before it finally collapsed in 1984. A second motor pool was set up a year later before it was wound up four years down the line after being bogged down by huge liabilities (Timbwa, 2000). 1. 2. Statement of the problem More insurance companies covering public service vehicles (PSV) face the risk of collapse unless urgent measures are taken.

American Farmers in the West essays

American Farmers in the West essays In Americas history, farmers have always played an important role. In the later part of the 19th century, farmers moved to the west. The farmers of the West were economically vulnerable due to factors beyond their control. Environmental conditions greatly affected the farmers economy. The lack of government protection of farmers put the farmers in a difficult economic position. The mortgage companies, which controlled the farmers land, caused the farmers to go further into debt. Mother Natures wrath severely harmed the farmers. First, floods caused the erosion of the land and destroyed the scarce fertile topsoil. Farmers, who were suffering from a loss due to the weather damaging the crops, now had to buy overly expensive fertilizer to repair the land before next seasons crops had to be planted. Second, droughts plagued the trans-Mississippi west. Due to the lack of production due to the lack of water like Powell had warned people, farmers left the farms. One poet describes the conditions of the drought as fifty miles to water. New farming methods called dry-farming had to be used to make use of the land that got little water. The new farming methods ultimately made to soil useless and created the Dust-Bowl. Last, extreme heat caused farmers to abandon their farms. The heat led to a poor production of crops and crops not suited to be sold. Because of the hot temperatures, fires could occur in the dry wheat and rye fields and on the sods twig-thatc hed and sun-baked houses. The dangers of fire, dehydration, and flooding mixed with the insufficient production of crops caused the farmers to leave their farms or stay and live off of virtually a nonproductive piece of property. The lack of government aid and protection of the farmers resulted in the farmers economic sufferings. First, the Homestead Act was supposed to be a g...

How Knowledge and Learning Survived in the Middle Ages

How Knowledge and Learning Survived in the Middle Ages They began as men alone, solitary ascetics in wattle huts in the desert, living off berries and nuts, contemplating the nature of God, and praying for their own salvation. It wasnt long before others joined them, living nearby for comfort and safety, if not for conviviality. Individuals of wisdom and experience like Saint Anthony taught the way to spiritual harmony to the monks who sat at their feet. Rules were then established by holy men like  Saint Pachomius  and Saint Benedict to govern what had become, in spite of their first intentions, a community. Monasteries, abbeys, priories- all were built to house men or women (or, in the case of double monasteries, both) who sought spiritual peace. For the sake of their souls people came there to live a life of strict religious observance, self-sacrifice, and work that would help their fellow human beings. Towns and sometimes even cities grew up around them, and the brothers or sisters would serve the secular community in a variety of ways- growing grain, making wine, raising sheep- usually remaining separate and apart. Monks and nuns played many roles, but perhaps the most significant and far-reaching role was that of the keepers of knowledge. It was very early in its collective history that the monastery of Western Europe became the repository for manuscripts. Part of the Rule of Saint Benedict charged its followers to read holy writings every day. While knights underwent special education that prepared them for the battlefield and the court, and artisans learned their craft from their masters, the contemplative life of a monk provided the perfect setting in which to learn to read and write, and to acquire and copy manuscripts whenever the opportunity arose. A reverence for books and for the knowledge they contained was not surprising in monastics, who turned their creative energies not only into writing books of their own but into making the manuscripts they created beautiful works of art. Books may have been acquired, but they were not necessarily hoarded. Monasteries could make money charging by the page to copy out manuscripts for sale. A  book of hours  would be made expressly for the layman; one penny per page would be considered a fair price. It was not unknown for a monastery to simply sell part of its library for operating funds. Yet books were prized among the most precious of treasures. Whenever a monastic community would come under attack- usually from raiders like the Danes or Magyars but sometimes from their very own secular rulers- the monks would, if they had time, take what treasures they could carry into hiding in the forest or other remote area until the danger had passed. Always, manuscripts would be among such treasures. Although theology and spirituality dominated a monastics life, by no means were all of the books collected in the library religious. Histories and biographies, epic poetry, science and mathematics- all of them were collected, and studied, in the monastery. One might be more likely to find a bible, hymnals and graduals, a lectionary or a missal; but a secular history was also important to the seeker of knowledge. And thus was the monastery not only a repository of knowledge, but a distributor of it, as well. Until the twelfth century, when Viking raids ceased to be an expected part of everyday life, almost all scholarship took place inside the monastery. Occasionally a high-born lord would learn letters from his mother, but mostly it was the monks who taught the oblates monks-to-be in the tradition of the classics. Using first a stylus on wax and later, when their command of their letters had improved, a quill and ink on parchment, young boys learned grammar, rhetoric and logic. When they had mastered these subjects they moved on to arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Latin was the only language used during instruction. Discipline was strict, but not necessarily severe. Teachers did not always confine themselves to the knowledge taught and retaught for centuries past. There were definite improvements in mathematics and astronomy from several sources, including the occasional Muslim influence. And methods of teaching were not as dry as one might expect: in the tenth century a renowned monastic by the name of Gerbert used practical demonstrations whenever possible, including the creation of a forerunner of the telescope to observe heavenly bodies and the use of an organistrum (a kind of hurdy-gurdy) to teach and practice music. Not all young men were suited to the monastic life, and though at first most were forced into the mold, eventually some of the monasteries maintained a school outside their cloisters for young men not destined for the cloth. As time passed these secular schools grew larger and more common and evolved into universities. Though still supported by the Church, they were no longer part of the monastic world. With the advent of the printing press, monks were no longer needed to transcribe manuscripts. Slowly, monastics relinquished this part of their world, as well, and returned to the purpose for which they had originally congregated: the quest for spiritual peace. But their role as the keepers of knowledge lasted a thousand years, making the Renaissance movements and the birth of the modern age possible. And scholars will forever be in their debt. Sources and Suggested Reading The links below will take you to an online bookstore, where you can find more information about the book to help you get it from your local library. This is provided as a convenience to you; neither Melissa Snell nor About is responsible for any purchases you make through these links. Life in Medieval Times by Marjorie Rowling Sun Dancing: A Medieval  Vision  by Geoffrey Moorhouse The text of this document is copyright  ©1998-2016   Melissa Snell. You may download or print this document for personal or school use, as long as the URL below is included. Permission is   not  granted to reproduce this document on another website. For publication permission,  please   contact  Melissa Snell. The URL for this document is:http://historymedren.about.com/cs/monasticism/a/keepers.htm

Would you have signed the Constitution of 1787 Essay

Would you have signed the Constitution of 1787 - Essay Example purposes of the Constitution is posted at the exact beginning of the document, stating, â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity [†¦].† That in itself is a set of rules that the government can follow. It lists aspects that they should be aware of when they make decisions, and the people that should be considered during the decision-making process. The Constitution of 1787, as opposed to any other government-based documents, is the best plan for the government because it focuses on the more important aspects of the government system itself. The important positions are pointed out, as well as their tasks and duties. There are numerous positions in the government, each with varying jobs and tasks. The Constitution helps to keep people on track with what they need to be doing. It goes into heavy detail about what a member can or cannot do, as well as the specifics of each branch. This document is perfect for the government as it can keep things from going completely out of control, and it centers in on the things that are most important to the people. The Constitution also goes into the process by which a bill is considered, created, and enforced, which most definitely proves helpful when large groups of people are at ends with what to do. There are other â€Å"how-to† instructions in the Constitution, adding further to the fact that the Constitution can be viewed as appropriate guidelines for running a stable government. How one votes and how someone is chosen for a specific job is also mentioned throughout the document. The Constitution is the perfect set of guidelines to be looked at for any government system, really. It is something that really suits the workings of the United States of America. However, if I were around during the signing of it, I

Google and saving face in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Google and saving face in China - Case Study Example Thus, Google cannot always count on the Chinese government focusing on cultivating innovation and promoting technology. However, it should also be mentioned that innovation is a crucial factor for an emerging country such as China from longer perspective of development and considering this fact, companies such as Google should continuously strive for creating and enhancing innovative technologies.5 The incident about Google and China is unforgettable, but Google is very attracted towards Chinese market and it has developed innovative technologies such as ‘Nexus S’, ‘Android Phone’ and ‘Chrome Operating System’. 6 Recommendation to Google’s Openness Policy in Countries that have Autocratic Regimes Learning from Google's China adventure, it would not be wrong to suggest that the company has to be extremely careful in the future before implementing operations in other autocratic countries. Avoiding problems such as that of ‘losing face ’, the company should build on collaboration with the governments of these countries. In this context, partnership with the governments of the countries that have autocratic regimes that Google want to operate in can be found through mutual dialogues as this will help to avoid clashes in future. Google should carefully examine the sensitivities of the host country in order to avoid providing user access to websites that can compromise relations with the government. This will certainly help in eradicating any conflicting views especially in terms of political and cultural factors that has been the major conflicting issues in China.7 For the strengthening of the openness policy in those countries, Google should gravely concentrate on factors related to politics and religion. Any news,... Learning from Google's China adventure, it would not be wrong to suggest that the company has to be extremely careful in the future before implementing operations in other autocratic countries. Avoiding problems such as that of ‘losing face’, the company should build on collaboration with the governments of these countries. In this context, partnership with the governments of the countries that have autocratic regimes that Google want to operate in can be found through mutual dialogues as this will help to avoid clashes in future. Google should carefully examine the sensitivities of the host country in order to avoid providing user access to websites that can compromise relations with the government. This will certainly help in eradicating any conflicting views especially in terms of political and cultural factors that has been the major conflicting issues in China. For the strengthening of the openness policy in those countries, Google should gravely concentrate on factors related to politics and religion. Any news, articles or journals and forums that criticize the political or religious values of the countries should not be revealed through Google’s search engine. Views of opposition political parties should be avoided as far as possible. Any access to information that may insight violence within the country or threaten the government stability should be carefully vetted. Google should comprehensively adhere to the factors that can harm moral or cultural beliefs of the people of those countries in the East Asia, Middle East or Latin America.

Ronald Reagan Essay Example for Free

Ronald Reagan Essay Ronald Reagan came from humble beginnings. He was born on February 6, 1911 in the town of Tampico, Illinois. His parents were Jack and Nelle. Jack Reagan was an unsuccessful salesman who was also known as an alcoholic. His mother, Nelle Wilson Reagon was a devout farmwoman who raised Ronald and his older brother, Neil, in the Disciples of Christ Church despite their fathers Catholicism. The family moved frequently, sometimes in response to new job opportunities, sometimes after Jack had been fired because of his drinking. In 1920 they settled in Dixon, Illinois, where Jack became the proprietor and part owner of a shoe store (Reeves 2). Ronald Reagan was an outgoing, optimistic, popular, and apparently happy youth despite the problems of his family. He was interested in sports from an early age and particularly liked football and swimming. Ronald was also nearsighted, which was later diagnosed, made baseball difficult for him. He was a hardworking and modestly successful student, with a talent for memorization (Miller Center). He was active early in school dramatics. As a teenager, he worked during summers as a lifeguard at the swimming area of the local river and put aside much of what he earned for his education (Reeves 6). Reagans youth was in many ways oddly similar to that of other provincial Americans who rose to political prominence: a boyhood in a small town, a family struggling precariously on the edges of the middle class, education in small, undistinguished schools. Huey P. Long, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, and many others had grown up in comparable circumstances. But unlike most other small-town boys who rose to political greatness, Reagan showed little early interest in politics (Brinkley). Jack Reagan, like most American Catholics of his era, was a staunch Democrat and Ronald inherited his fathers unreflective enthusiasm for the party even though, throughout the 1920s, it enjoyed little national success. He became a fervent admirer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, an attachment that grew stronger when the New Deal agencies began providing jobs to unemployed men (among them his father) in depression-ravaged central Illinois (Miller Center). But he never became actively involved in Democratic politics in the state. He found himself drawn occasionally into campus politics at Eureka and in his senior year won election as class president. But when he graduated in 1932, with a B. A. in economics and sociology, politics and public life remained far from his thoughts. He was, he later wrote, drawn to some form of show business, an interest born in part of his experiences in the Eureka drama society (Brinkley). Following graduation, at a time when a quarter of Americans were unemployed, Reagan found work as a radio announcer, first in Davenport, Iowa, then later Des Moines. Reagan struggled at first but in time became one of the best-known sports announcers in the Midwest (Reeves 9). He also became a popular speaker before Des Moines service groups and enlisted as a reserve officer in the U. S. Cavalry so he could ride horses regularly. But he dreamed of bigger things. In 1937, Reagan went to California with the Chicago Cubs baseball team on spring training and arranged through a friend for a screen test at Warner Brothers. Warner Brothers offered Reagan a contract for $200 a week that launched his film career (Brinkley). His growing success also won him a series of deferments from military service (at the request of Warner Brothers) once the United States entered World War II, and then after he was called up and commissioned an officer in the cavalry, an assignment with an army film unit. He spent the war in California making army training movies at a military base in Los Angeles, with time off to make feature films at Warner Brothers (among them the successful 1943 tribute to the military, This Is the Army ) (D’Souza 10). Much of the time, he lived at home with his family. Despite his later claims to the contrary, he never left the country and never saw combat. But he cooperated with studio public relations efforts to portray him as a soldier, who, like other soldiers, left his family to go off to war. Feature stories described Wyman bravely carrying on, raising the children and maintaining the household while her man was away. Newsreels and magazine photos depicted Reagan coming home for leaves and visits. Reagan later sometimes seemed actually to have believed the ruse. Even decades later, he liked to talk about coming back from the war, like other veterans, eager to take up family life again (a life that in his case had hardly been interrupted) (D’Souza 11). Reagans postwar acting career never regained the momentum it had enjoyed in the early 1940s. He had some occasional successes (among them The Hasty Heart in 1949), but he found himself working more often now in minor roles or minor films. Jane Wymans career, in the meantime, was flourishing, and her absorption with it contributed to what were already growing tensions within the marriage. The couple divorced in 1948 (Reagan 4). As his career and his marriage languished, Reagan had begun to become active in politics. His first vehicle was the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), the film actors union. Reagan had been active in SAG since his first months in Hollywood, and his involvement grew with his marriage to Wyman, who was also an important figure in the organization. In 1946, he chaired a union strike committee and demonstrated an energy and a toughness that his SAG colleagues had not previously seen. In 1947, he became president of the union, a position he held for six years. Reagan still considered himself a liberal Democrat, and he used his new political distinction to campaign for Harry Truman in 1948. There was occasional talk of Reagan himself running for Congress as a Democrat, but party leaders apparently opposed the idea because they considered him too liberal (Barlietta 15-17). In reality, Reagans political views were changing more rapidly than his public activities suggested. During the war, he had harshly criticized the waste and corruption he saw in the awarding of military contracts, and his suspicion of government bureaucracies only grew in the following years. He was also now complaining frequently about taxes. He had signed a million-dollar contract with Warner Brothers in 1944, but the very high wartime tax rates (up to 90 percent in the upper brackets) greatly reduced his income. In 1950, after initially endorsing the actress Helen Gahagan Douglas for the United States Senate, he switched his support to Richard Nixon in mid-campaign. And as president of SAG, he became active in efforts to distance the union from Communist influence (driven to do so, no doubt, by the savagely anti-Communist political climate, but also by his own deep and growing aversion to Communists) (D’Souza 12). By the late 1940s, he was cooperating with the FBI and testifying before the House Committee on Un-American Activities against Communism in the union (although he was not asked to name any individual Communists). Subsequently, he cooperated with the studios as they quietly administered the notorious blacklist of alleged Communists who were to be barred from employment in the movie industry. Reagan later claimed that the effort by Hollywood Communists to take over the motion picture business, and the unwillingness of many liberals to confront them, was responsible for his political turn to the right (Brinkley). At least as responsible, however, was his marriage in 1952 to Nancy Davis, a young and largely unknown actress whom he had met at a dinner party in 1949. Davis was the daughter of a once-successful stage actress, Edith Luckett. Her natural parents separated when she was an infant, and she spent most of her childhood in the home of her mothers second husband, Loyal Davis, whose name Nancy took and whose right-wing political views she uncritically absorbed. Her familys conservatism reinforced Reagans own accelerating drift to the right (Brinkley). Reagans second marriage was a happy one. The couple lived in a comfortable home in Pacific Palisades and began to spend time at a ranch Reagan had bought near Santa Barbara. They had two children, Patricia, born in 1952, and Ronald, born in 1958. But Reagans film career was now in serious decline. Warner Brothers had not renewed his contract, and he was having difficulty finding steady work elsewhere. He was now in his mid-forties, and major stardom was coming to seem beyond his reach (Reeves 13). Over the next few years FBI agents working with the House of Un-American Activities Committee and the Hollywood Motion Picture Producers, got 320 people blacklisted from the entertainment industry. As president of the Screen Actors Guild, Reagan refused to support those actors such as Larry Parks, Joseph Bromberg, Charlie Chaplin, John Garfield, Howard Da Silva, Gale Sondergaard, Jeff Corey, John Randolph, Canada Lee, and Paul Robeson who were on this list.   Reagans support of McCarthyism enabled him to continue working in Hollywood but his films continued to appear in mediocre films such as Bedtime for Bonzo (1951), The Last Outpost (1951), The Winning Team (1952), Law and Order (1953), Cattle Queen of Montana (1954), Tennessees Partner (1955) and Hellcats in the Navy (1957). Between 1954 and 1962 Reagan also worked for General Electric as host of the companys weekly half-hour dramas for television. (Miller Center) In the 1930s and 40s Reagan had been a loyal supporter of the Democratic Party. However, he switched to the Republican Party after the war and supported Dwight Eisenhower (1952 and 1956) and Richard Nixon (1960). In 1964 that Reagan became a national political figure. (Barlietta 67) This was as a result of a televised speech in support of Barry Goldwater. It did not help Goldwater win the election (he was seen by most people in America as a dangerous, right-wing extremist). However, it did convince members of the Californian business community that here was a man with the charm to sell right-wing extremism. Reagan was approached about becoming the Republican Party candidate as Governor of California with the help of a smear campaign against Pat Brown and promises of tax cuts he won an easy victory. (Miller Center)? As governor Reagan quickly established himself as one of the countrys leading conservative political figures. This included dramatic budget cuts and a hiring freeze for state agencies. He also put up student fees and when they complained he sent state troopers to deal with their protest meetings. (D’Souza 45) Re-elected with 52 per cent of the vote in 1970, Reagan introduced a series of welfare reforms during his second term in office. This included tightening eligibility requirements for welfare aid and requiring the able to seek work rather than receiving benefits. However, the tax cuts never came, in fact, he presided over the largest tax increase any state had ever demanded in American history. Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush. Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in Iran swept the Republican ticket into office. Reagan won 489 electoral votes to 49 for President Jimmy Carter. (Miller Center) On January 20, 1981, Reagan took office. Only 69 days later he was shot by a would-be assassin, but quickly recovered and returned to duty. His grace and wit during the dangerous incident caused his popularity to soar. (Brinkley) Dealing skillfully with Congress, Reagan obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curb inflation, increase employment, and strengthen national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit. (Brinkley) A renewal of national self-confidence by 1984 helped Reagan and Bush win a second term with an unprecedented number of electoral votes. Their victory turned away Democratic challengers Walter F. Mondale and Geraldine Ferraro. In 1986 Reagan obtained an overhaul of the income tax code, which eliminated many deductions and exempted millions of people with low incomes. At the end of his administration, the Nation was enjoying its longest recorded period of peacetime prosperity without recession or depression. (Brinkley) In foreign policy, Reagan sought to achieve peace through strength. During his two terms he increased defense spending 35 percent, but sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. (Brinkley) Reagan declared war against international terrorism, sending American bombers against Libya after evidence came out that Libya was involved in an attack on American soldiers in a West Berlin nightclub. By ordering naval escorts in the Persian Gulf, he maintained the free flow of oil during the Iran-Iraq war. In keeping with the Reagan Doctrine, he gave support to anti-Communist insurgencies in Central America, Asia, and Africa. D’Souza 74) After leaving office in 1989, the Reagans purchased a home in Bel Air, Los Angeles in addition to the Reagan Ranch in Santa Barbara. They regularly attended Bel Air Presbyterian Church and occasionally made appearances on behalf of the Republican Party; Reagan delivered a well-received speech at the 1992 Republican National Convention. Previously on November 4, 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library was dedicated and opened to the public. (D’Souza 111) At the dedication ceremonies, five presidents were in attendance, as well as six first ladies, marking the first time five presidents were gathered in the same location. Reagan continued publicly to speak in favor of a line-item veto; the Brady Bill; a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget; and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits anyone from serving more than two terms as president. In 1992 Reagan established the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award with the newly formed Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. His final public speech was on February 3, 1994 during a tribute to him in Washington, D. C. , and his last major public appearance was at the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994. Brinkley) In August 1994, at the age of 83, Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, an incurable neurological disorder which destroys brain cells and ultimately causes death. In November he informed the nation through a handwritten letter, writing in part: â€Å"I have recently been told that I am one of the millions of Americans who will be afflicted with Alzheimers Disease At the moment I feel just fine. I intend to live the remainde r of the years God gives me on this earth doing the things I have always done I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you. † (Miller Center) After his diagnosis, letters of support from well-wishers poured into his California home, but there was also speculation over how long Reagan had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration. In her memoirs, former CBS White House correspondent Lesley Stahl recounts her final meeting with the president, in 1986: Reagan didnt seem to know who I was. Oh, my, hes gonzo, I thought. I have to go out on the lawn tonight and tell my countrymen that the president of the United States is a doddering space cadet. But then, at the end, he regained his alertness. As she described it, I had come that close to reporting that Reagan was senile. (Miller Center) However, Dr. Lawrence K. Altman, a physician employed as a reporter for the New York Times, noted that the line between mere forgetfulness and the beginning of Alzheimers can be fuzzyand all four of Reagans White House doctors said that they saw no evidence of Alzheimers while he was president. Dr. John E. Hutton, Reagans primary physician from 1984 to 1989, said the president absolutely did not show any signs of dementia or Alzheimers. (Miller Center) Reagan did experience occasional memory lapses, though, especially with names. Once, while meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, he repeatedly referred to Vice President Bush as Prime Minister Bush. Reagans doctors, however, note that he only began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992or 1993, several years after he had left office. His former Chief of Staff James Baker considered ludicrous the idea of Reagan sleeping during cabinet meetings. Other staff members, former aides, and friends said they saw no indication of Alzheimers while he was President. Barlietta 197) Complicating the picture, Reagan suffered an episode of head trauma in July 1989, five years prior to his diagnosis. After being thrown from a horse in Mexico, a subdural hematoma was found and surgically treated later in the year. Nancy Reagan asserts that her husbands 1989 fall hastened the onset of Alzheimers disease, citing what doctors told her, although acute brain injury has not been conclusively proven to accelerate Alzheimers or dementia. Reagans one-time physician Dr. Daniel Ruge has said it is possible, but not certain, that the horse ccident affected the course of Reagans memory. (Barlietta 209) Reagan died of pneumonia at his home in Bel Air, California on the afternoon of June 5, 2004. A short time after his death, Nancy Reagan released a statement saying: My family and I would like the world to know that President Ronald Reagan has died after 10 years of Alzheimers Disease at 93 years of age. We appreciate everyones prayers. (Brinkley) President George W. Bush declared June 11 a National Day of Mourning, and international tributes came in from around the world. Reagans body was taken to the Kingsley and Gates Funeral Home in Santa Monica, California later in the day, where well-wishers paid tribute by laying flowers and American flags in the grass. On June 7, his body was removed and taken to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, where a brief family funeral was held conducted by Pastor Michael Wenning. His body lay in repose in the Library lobby until June 9; over 100,000 people viewed the coffin. (Miller Center) On June 9, Reagans body was flown to Washington, D. C. where he became the tenth United States president to lie in state; in thirty-four hours, 104,684 people filed past the coffin. On June 11, a state funeral was conducted in the Washington National Cathedral, and presided over by President George W. Bush. Eulogies were given by former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, former Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and both Presidents Bush. Also in attendance were Mikhail Gorbachev, and many world leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, German Chancellor Gerhard Schroder, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, and interim presidents Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan, and Ghazi al-Yawer of Iraq. Brinkley) After the funeral, the Reagan entourage was flown back to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California, where another service was held, and President Reagan was interred. (Brinkley) At the time of his death, Reagan was the longest-lived president in U. S. history, having lived 93 years and 120 days (2 years, 8 months, and 23 days longer than John Adams, whose record he surpassed). He is now the second longest-lived president, just 45 days fewer than Gerald Ford. He was the first United States president to die in the 21st century, and his was the first state funeral in the United States since that of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1973. (Miller Center) His burial site is inscribed with the words he delivered at the opening of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library: I know in my heart that man is good, that what is right will always eventually triumph and that there is purpose and worth to each and every life.

Dinner with the Experts :: Personal Narrative Online Dating Essays

Dinner with the Experts Beep. Beep. â€Å"Okay, now what was that timer for?† I said to myself. â€Å"Oh, it’s the steak!† Once the tray was safely on the table, I took off my oven-mitts and crept towards the door to peak in and spy on my guests. The dinner party invitation said to arrive at six o’clock, but I was not surprised to open my door to Ellen and Sherrie at 5:15. They rang the doorbell at least a dozen times in the thirty seconds it took me to get to the door. I found two middle aged women decked out in trendy clothes, the sort a teenager might wear. Ellen had a bright yellow headband on, and Sherrie’s hair was died a fiery red. The kitchen door made a creaking sound as I shut it to return to my cooking, but I was not concerned that they would see me looking in on them. I knew those two would never hear the little noise over their own gabbing. A few weekends ago I saw a segment on online dating on NBC. Ellen Fein and Sherrie Schneider, who co-authored The Rules For Online Dating, spoke with David and Liz, a couple whom had just started dating thanks to online dating services. Prior to seeing the show, I thought that online dating was ridiculous and only for desperate people. David and Liz though, seemed perfectly normal, and from what I gathered, the online dating scene is quickly gaining popularity (Ellen Fein and†¦). I just did not know what to think about it all. Is online dating a good thing? Is it safe compared to real life? I decided to invite all four of them (Ellen, Sherrie, David, and Liz) over for dinner the next week to talk about online dating and if and how it worked. Even after sending out my invitations though, all I could think about was online dating, and I just could not seem to make up my mind as to whether it was a good idea or not. I spent time researching the topic and I came across two more experts on online dating that I wanted to invite to dinner as well. Both Kelly Starling and Andrea Svoboda seemed to be fairly laid back (judging by their writings) people, so I had decided to invite them to dinner also (even though it was short notice).

Mill’s Utilitarianism Analysis Essay

Thesis: Objectors of Utilitarianism states that there is no time for calculating and weighing the effects on utilizing the general happiness. On the contrary, Mill says that mankind has been learning by experience the tendency of actions in order to know what is right and wrong. The rules of morality is improvable, therefore we should pass all that experience on others. However, improving the rules of morality is one thing, but to educate it to the younger is another; since there is still much to learn about the effects of actions on general happiness, and all rational people go through life with their minds made up on the common questions of right and wrong. Reasons: 1. Philosopher and the human: They have to acquire experience about the effects of some actions on their happiness and improving it or at least maintain it. . Traveler: Mill uses the traveler going for his destination as for if a man needs to follow the rules of general happiness, we should open the way and direct him to the knowledge, and not to forbid it. 3. Sailors: They go to sea with it calculated on the Nautical Almanac. Therefore, as for the people, they go on the sea of life with a made up mind on the common questions of right and wrong, and more complicated questions of wise and foolish. Discussion: Mill’s defend against the objectors of Utilitarianism is that the rules of general happiness are made up by the experience of the people. Also, it is improvable by teaching it to the younger and other people. But, he also argues that human are rational creature. Human are capable of answering the questions of right and wrongness by their own experience, and they also capable of learning and experiencing more on their way of life.

Leadership in organizational behavior Essay

Leadership is the process of influencing people and providing an environment for them to achieve team or organisational objectives. As a property, Leadership is the set of characteristics attributed to those who are perceived to use such influence successfully. Leadership involves neither force nor coercion. It is widely believed in the world of business that leadership is the key ingredient in the recipe for corporate achievement. Typically, when we speak of leaders we are referring to people who influence others without threat, using non-coercive means. In fact, this characteristic distinguishes a leader from a dictator. Whereas dictators get others to do what they want by using threats of physical force, leaders do not. Subordinates accept influence from leaders because they respect, like, or admire them as well as because they hold positions of formal authority (that is, leaders may have both position power and personal power). We need to caution against the everyday practice of using tile terms leader and manager interchangeably. The primary function of a leader is to create the essential purpose or mission of the organization and the strategy for attaining it. In contrast, the job of the manager is to implement that vision. He or she is responsible for achieving that end, taking the steps necessary to turn the leader’s vision into reality. The confusion between these two terms is understandable insofar as the distinction between establishing a mission and implementing it is often blurred in practice. This is because many leaders, such as top corporate executives, are frequently called upon not only to create a vision, but also to help implement it. Similarly, managers often are required to lead those who are subordinate to them while also carrying out their leader’s mission. With this in mind, it has been observed that too many so-called â€Å"leaders† get bogged down in the managerial aspects of their job, creating organizations that are â€Å"over managed and under lead. † Leadership Perspectives Goal Attainment : influence function of leadership and deals the mechanisms that motivate members’ behaviors towards the group’s goals. Adaptation : helps the group to define its goal in a way that is consistent with the demands of the environment in which operates. Integration : some mechanism must coordinate the activities of group members towards the common goal e. g – Communication and conflict resolution Maintenance : mechanism to maintain their morale and keep them interested in staying in the group THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP: There are three major approaches to leadership: a) trait theories, b) behavioral theories, c) situational theories. Trait theories highlight that there exists a finite set of individual traits or characteristics that distinguish successful from unsuccessful leaders. Behavioral theories highlight that the most important aspect of leadership is not the traits of the leader, but what the leader does in various situations. Successful leaders are distinguished form unsuccessful leaders by their particular style of leadership. Situational theories outlines that the effectiveness of the leader is not only determined by his or her style of behavior, but also by the situation surrounding the leadership environment. Situational factors include the characteristics of the leader and the subordinates, the nature of the task and the structure of the group. THE TRAIT APPROACH: ARE SOME PEOPLE REALLY â€Å"BORN LEADERS†? Common sense leads us to think that some people have more of â€Å"the right stuff’ than others, and are just naturally better leaders. And, if you look at some of the great leaders throughout history, such as Martin Luther King, Jr. , Alexander the Great, and Abraham Lincoln, to name just a few, it is clear that such individuals certainly have characteristics in common that differ from ordinary folks. The question is â€Å"what is it that makes great leaders so great? † Leaders have certain traits, e. g. Honesty and Integrity : Trustworthy ; reliable ; open Intelligence Self – Confidence : Trust in own abilities Emotional maturity Stress tolerance Task – relevant knowledge : knowledge of business, relevant technical matters Ambition and high energy : Desire for achievement ; tenacity ; initiative Desire to lead : leadership motivation – desire to exercise influence over others to reach shared goals Research suggest that traits contribute less than 10% of what makes a successful leader Leadership Grid (Robert R. Blake & Jane Mouton) Impoverished Mgmt (1,1): Exertion of minimum efforts to get the required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership. Country Club Mgmt (1,9): Thoughtful attention to the needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable organizational atmosphere and work tempo. Middle Of The Road Mgmt (5,5): Adequate organizational performance is possible through balancing the necessity to get out work with maintaining morale of the people at satisfying level. Authority Compliance (9,1): Efficiency in operational results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree. Team Mgmt (9,9): Work accomplishment is from committed people; inter dependence through a common stake. In organization purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect. Managerial Grid: The five basic approaches to management identified by Black and Mouton are based on the two dimensions of concern of people and concern for production that are associated with leaders. A managerial grid is formed based on these two dimensions which are rated on 9 point scale. If manager is securing the lowest score on these two dimensions I,I is identified as impoverished style of managers who are low on both their concern of people and production, 1,9 or country club style is designated to those managers who are having high concern for people but low concern for production. The 5, 5 or the middle-of-the road style concerns the moderate levels of concern for both people and production. The 9,1 or task management style is one where there is a high concern for production but very little concern for people and finally, 9,9 or team management style is one where the manager has high concern for both people and production. According to Black and Mouton the one best style for all mangers is the 9,9 or team management style. Fiedler’s Model Effective groups depend on a proper match between a leader’s style of interacting with subordinates and the degree to which the situation gives control and influence to the leader. LEADER SITUATION MATCH A task oriented leader is appropriate for a very favorable or very unfavorable situation. Relationship oriented behavior is predicted to work best when situation is moderately favorable or unfavorable. /* only read Favorable Situation: The situation is considered as highly favorable if it possess a high level of positive interpersonal relations between leaders and members, a well defined task structures and a leaders perceive that they are bestowed with strong perceived positional power. In such type of situation the leader will have a great deal of control over situations and will simply have to make sure that he gives the necessary instructions to get the task done. There is no need for him to waste time talking to each employee in order to be perceived as friendly. A task-oriented style will be effective in such situation. Unfavorable Situation: The situation is considered as highly unfavorable if it possesses a low level of interpersonal relationship between leaders and members, a poorly defined task and a relatively a weak perceived power. The leader of a task-force committee which is appointed to solve problems encountered in the work setting is likely to find him in such a situation. In such type of situation, the leader is in highly vulnerable situations and there is no other way to enforce a strict discipline and order to bring the situation in normalcy than following relationship oriented style. Moderately Favorable Situation: Here the leader might find herself in a mixed situation. For instance, a manager might have good relationship with her workers, but the task structure and position power of the leader may be low. For example, a bank officer may have a good relationship staff member, but the task structure or the power to control the staff members (either to reward or punish members) is not strong enough. In such situations, the manager will be very successful and get the desirable results if he follows more of relationships oriented style than task oriented task style. */ PATH GOAL THEORY PATH GOAL THEORY believes that a leader can change subordinates expectancies by clarifying the path between the subordinates’ action and the outcome, which is the goal which the employee wants to achieve. Whether leader’s behavior can do so effectively also depends on situational factors. Path-Goal Leadership Model Path-Goal Leadership Behaviour Directive Leadership Behavior: This deals with planning, organizing, controlling and coordinating of subordinates activities by the leader. It is similar to the traditional dimension of initiating structure in that the leader’s emphasis is on letting the subordinates know what is expected of them. Supportive Leadership Behavior: This concerns giving support consideration to the needs of the subordinates, displaying concern for their well-being and welfare and creating a friendly and pleasant environment. Participative—a pattern in which the leader consults with subordinates, permitting them to participate in decision making. Achievement-oriented—an approach in which the leader sets challenging goals and seeks improvements in performance. The benefits to the company of the achievement-oriented leader approach include greater employee confidence and commitment, more employee decision making, increased employee creativity, more challenging objectives, and reduced supervision for employees who work best independently. SITUATIONAL FACTORS Employee Contingencies Locus of control A Participative leader is suitable for subordinates with internal locus of control. A directive leader is suitable for supportives for external locus of control. Self perceived ability Subordinates who perceive themselves as having high ability do not like directive leadership. Environmental Contingencies When working on a task that has a high structure, directive leadership is redundant and less effective. When a highly formal authority system is in place, directive leadership can again reduce worker’s satisfaction. When subordinates are in a team environment that offers great social support, the supportive leadership style becomes less necessary TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP Definition: It’s the process of leading for change rather than for stability. Transformational leaders Leading — changing the organisation to fit the environment Develop, communicate, enact a vision. It is exercised when the leader intellectually stimulates the subordinates, excites, arouses and inspires them to perform far beyond what they would have thought themselves capable of. By providing a new vision, the transformational leader transforms the followers into people who self-actualize. Charismatic leadership is central to transformational leaderships. These kinds of leaders guide or motivate their follower’s in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements. Transformational leaders arouse strong emotions. They also help transform their followers by teaching them, often serving as mentors. In so doing, transformational leaders seek to encourage followers to do their own thing. In contrast, charismatic leaders may keep their followers weak and highly dependent on them. A charismatic leader may be the whole show, whereas a transformational leader does a good job of inspiring change in the whole organization. Many celebrities, be they musicians, actors, or athletes, tend to be highly charismatic, but they do not necessarily have any transformational effects on their followers. As such, although some people may idolize certain rock stars, and dress like them, these celebrities’ charisma will unlikely stimulate their fans into making sacrifices that revitalize the world. When you think of it this way, its easy to see how charisma is just a part of transformational leadership.