The Northern Ireland Conflict

The Northern Ireland Conflict Each nation on the planet is looking to the harmony and need to carry on with a securely life, respect less their religion or their way if its Christianity, Islam or some other religion. Its a unique want in each one, to look for about harmony. The nation could confront assigns of contentions and conflicts between it self or with other nation on account of the topographical limits, financial matters issues, ethnic faction or due to breaking the understandings. Yet in addition these contentions can be at a similar nation which is causes by ethnics gatherings or common wars, for instance: Lebanon, Iraq and Northern Ireland. These nations confronted common and ethnic wars, which that effect on individuals life. Its murdered a large number of individuals in a brief period, disfigured individuals appearance and qualities crush the nation properties and riches. Likewise it has a risky mental impact on the youngsters (casualties) and the following ages, particularly if the war was at a simi lar nation between the residents. The most striking war, that occurred in Europe since numerous years and rolls out recognizable improvements in Christianity. It is the Catholics and the Protestants battle in the Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland administrative division of the United King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland situated in the northeastern piece of the island of Ireland (Encarta). Also, the rest of the piece of the island is a piece of the republic of Ireland. The capital of Northern Ireland is Belfast .Northern Ireland populace is roughly 55% Protestants which they are the lion's share and 45% Catholics. This nation is separated relying upon the strict and political lines. The split between the Protestants dominant part and the Roman Catholic minority made a profound clash that impact the districts legislative issues and economy. By the seventeenth century, Protestants British colonizer had ruled the districts Catholic, Gaelic inhabitants. The whole of Ireland was a piece of the United Kingdom until 1920(Encarta). At that point the common ethnic war was breaking out between Loyalist (unionist) Protestants and Nationalist Catholics. The Catholics needed Northern Ireland to be brought together to republic of Ireland toward the south and the Protestants needed to stay in a piece of the United Kingdom. Since the brutality more than 30 years prior, in excess of 3,600 individuals have been murdered in the contention (Film). The island was isolated into tow locales, Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland; both were under United Kingdom controls. The British armed force was sending to rise to the debasement, yet the brutality proceeded particularly the grisly Sunday occasion, when the British gatherings opened the fire on a gathering of Catholic demonstrators and killed 14 individuals. The term utilized in Ireland and the United Kingdom to depict this contention was the (Troubles). This term was to depict the viciousness of 1919-1923 (Encarta). Yet, af ter the Friday understandings the contention halted on 1 walk 1999. The understanding was to affirm the attention to the human rights in the Northern Ireland (BBC). This battle had numerous causes: the nonappearance of sorted out government, each gathering needed to control the nation and the most fundamental reason is the ethnic faction. The locale contained tow gatherings of individuals who are contrasted in political devotion, strict practice and social ethics (Cain). One of them accepted that their property had been taken, while the other was in a steady condition of uneasiness. Northern Ireland is as yet experiencing this contention and its make the two gatherings in a dubious between one another. The most fundamental result from this terrible occasion, by bombarding houses and slaughtered honest individuals, that make the kids passed out the loathes from on age to another and make them think even in their companions and their neighbors, moreover, its makes them live hazardously life they can not confide in any one close to them and show them how to make anomies from the opposite side. Be that as it may, who were experienced extraordinary lost this contention, are as yet attempting to breaking the pattern of savagery in Northern Ireland and they are baying the cost of what their folks have done. The two sides Protestants and Catholics youngsters had experienced this contention. Its rolls out profound improvements in the kids perspective and how they manage other youngsters from the other group. what's more, there are as yet numerous issues without tackling, numerous kids are stayed irate and harms. Like Grace, Colin and Mark those kids are the two Catholics and Protestants the y lost one of their relatives. Each one has his own story, all of them lost one of their beloveds in spite of the fact that they are from various groups yet their experiencing the Trouble is one. (Elegance) lost her dad; he was executed in the contention she lost him when she was two years she despite everything experiencing this contention (un.org). Colin is an another case he is a Protestant kid he is 15 years of age, Colin lives with his siblings and his dad in the most belligerent zone in Belfast. In the highest point of Shankill street (Protestant side) the harmony divider is separated the area out of the Catholic zone. One per day Colin was strolling back home from his school. He use to take the Protestant street yet one time when he get missed out of the Protestant side a gathering of Catholic children hit him cruelly. This occasion keep Colin detests the Catholic youngsters to an ever increasing extent. At a similar time of Shankill famous besieging when Colin was five years of age, ten individuals were killed in addition to the aircraft and 57 were harmed. The unionist Irish Republican armed force guaranteed the sensibility of this besieging and it said that the objective was not to execute the regular people yet it was intended to misuse during the adversary unionist bunch Ulster political dissidents meeting. After what occurred, the supporters Protestant render the retribution by murdering tow Catholic inhabitants. Furthermore, before the week's over the slaughtered 12more Catholics by different ways!! Colin and his family were influenced by the Shankill besieging. Alife, Colins father was in the besieging zone the fish shop when its detonated. Colin and his mom realized that Alfie could be one of the harmed or slaughtered individuals. Colins mother looked about Alfie yet Alife were pondered that is the reason one of the men was wearing careful gloves. The casualty was taken to the clinic and he was completely secured. At that point, the family realized that the man with the gloves was a Catholic man and he was the aircraft. After this event the McCrery family began to live in an incredible wild and dread they become detainees and outsiders in their own home. Around evening time, they looked all the windows and entryways totally regardless of whether one of the family youngsters waked up around evening time to drink water or to go to the washroom they should wake their dad first. The Troubles influenced on McCrery in a negative manner (un.org). Imprint is a Catholic kid; he lost hi s dad when he was only six years of age. His dad was fired and murdered by Protestant shooter. In spite of the fact that that (Mark) became sixteen years of age he remains profoundly influenced in view of this contention he despite everything battles and with his displeasure and abhors. Imprint doesn't impart his bitterness to any one he wants to save his terrible recollections for him self. The passing of Marks was communicating in the TVs and papers yet he needn't bother with every one of these things to recall this horrendous disaster. Imprints outrage began to increase and greater with time even its gazed to pulling him down into sadness and misery. The youngsters who experienced this contention are attempting to look for about arrangements and keys to assist them with overcoming what they confronted. They are profoundly harms each one have his terrible recollections that could influence his life or his character and the loathes the got can influence the entire age and the entire nation if the individuals didn't attempt to set up and plan arrangements. Be that as it may, the nation and the dependable sides knew about the answers for help the Protestant and the Catholic kids to manage aftereffects of this catastrophe together. The capable specialists partner the Wave Center and they flexibly it by types of gear and clinicians to assist the youngsters with overcoming what they have confronted. The Wave social Center helps the youngsters who are too reluctant or humiliated to converse with others. Each one bury this Center have missed somebody in that contention and they wanted that this Center can assist them with controlling their indignation and feelings. Numerous Catholic and Protestant youngsters take part in this Center and the primary objective of this Center is to accumulate both the Catholic and Protestant kids at a similar spot to make them manage one another and make the both side discussion about what befell him and how is the Trouble influence on him and on his life additionally the other objective is to cause the kids ready to feel in others and to crush the detest on them. Indeed, even who deal with this Center lost his better half as a result of the besieging in 1993 since that time he chose to devote him self to these youngsters. The Center organizes numerous exercises to make the kids express their sentiments and discussion about what is inside them and start the way toward recouping. By urging the kids to draw portrays about calming they love and discussion about it and express what they feel from this image or urge them to record a home recordings to discuss them selves and the one they have missed. Like Grace who recorded a video her session her dad. The video likewise contains a Box that incorporates her dad things and pictures and she had talk about her recollections with her dad additionally she include that this Box is the main memory which is still from her dad. The one she has missed in that contention the Troubles. This video causes Grace to conquer this affliction, with a valiantly soul. Also, a few tasks in the Center empower the young men and young ladies to recollect the cheerful occasions and recollections before the catastrophe and how it influences on them (Film). And every one of these exercises are most likely will be distributed in a book to make the youngsters that they have accomplished something important. In addition that generally Protestants and Catholics used to go to isolate schools. However, to

SAT Essay Examples for the 6 Types of Essay Prompts

SAT Essay Examples for the 6 Types of Essay Prompts SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There's a tenacious fantasy about the SAT Essay: the possibility that you can't get ready substance since you don't see the brief until the day of the test. This is a fantasy in light of the fact that, so as to be normalized, the test needs to require a similar multifaceted nature of contention in each SAT article question: yes or no, either, what causes what. What's more, since every one of these contentions are straightforward, pretty much every SAT paper contention can be come down to one of the 6 we list here. Notwithstanding that, however, we likewise disclose how to contend every one, and give you test support for the two sides of each contention. Peruse on for within scoop on this significant part of the SAT. Review SAT Essay prompts are not normal for some other composing task. The inquiries are incredibly broad, asking things like is the world improving, yet they just ever require an extremely oversimplified theory articulation about an unpredictable thought. There are, for instance, numerous manners by which the world is and isn't improving. The most exact answer would need to be yes AND no, yet that is something contrary to what you should state on the SAT. Since on the SAT Essay, effortlessness and clearness is the situation. You are relied upon to make an expansive, conclusive explanation about what individuals 'should' do or in the case of something is conceivable. You don't need to trust it, you simply need to introduce a couple of models (somewhere in the range of one and three) that can show why your announcement is right. Along these lines, the SAT Essay is simpler than most understudies might suspect. The entirety of the exposition inquiries in this article are taken from genuine SATs or College Board prep materials. We've ordered them not by their contentfor model, achievement or personalitybut rather by their thinking. This is on the grounds that the rationale of the inquiry, not its substance, is the thing that decides the best contention on which to assemble your paper. For each kind of SAT article question beneath, we give you 3 example prompts like what you'll run into, and a breakdown of how to contend either side of any SAT exposition question of that type. You'll get nitty gritty SAT paper models that control you through how to build a contention. SAT Essay Prompt Type 1: Discuss what individuals ought to do This sort of SAT paper question fits a wide range of sorts of models. Anything that includes individuals and their decisions is reasonable game. See the graph beneath for more data on how this functions. Ought to people†¦. be esteemed by their capacities instead of their accomplishments? weight all sentiments similarly, or place more weight on educated suppositions? continuously esteem new things, thoughts, or qualities over more seasoned ones? Stage 1: Pick a side. Truly, individuals ought to consistently esteem new things, thoughts, or qualities over more seasoned ones, or no, individuals ought not generally esteem new things, thoughts, or qualities over more established ones. Stage 2: Consider what might legitimately bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the sorts of help you should utilize). For instance, in the event that you contend Truly, individuals should esteem new things as your postulation, you can give proof of when individuals esteemed new things and it ended up being great, or of when individuals didn't esteem advancement and it turned out inadequately. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 genuine world or scholarly models that fit the rules in Step 2 (see blue boxes for thoughts). To help the Yes proposition with proof of when individuals esteemed new things with progress, we could discuss Civil Rights in the United States, the Industrial Revolution, FDR's new arrangement, or some other model dealign with positive development. We could likewise talk about proof where refusal to acknowledge new things turned out ineffectively, similar to dread of immunizations and Galileo being expelled for his (actual) logical convictions. SAT Essay Prompt Type 2: Discuss which of two things is better These inquiries can be grain for 12-scoring expositions since they can be replied so essentially: this thing is superior to that thing. At that point you simply need to consider 1-3 models in which that thing worked as well as in which the other thing didn't work. See the outline underneath for more data on how this should be possible. Is it better... to adopt a hopeful strategy or a viable methodology? to do satisfying or lucrative work? to utilize collaboration or rivalry to make progress? Stage 1: Pick a side. It is smarter to utilize collaboration to make progress, or it is smarter to utilize rivalry to make progress. Stage 2: Consider what might consistently bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). Like Prompt Type 1 above, for this situation you can utilize proof that bolsters your proposition, or contends against the contrary theory. For instance, on the off chance that you compose that Collaboration is smarter to make progress, you can utilize proof on when participation prompted achievement, or when rivalry prompted disappointment. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or scholarly models that fit the measures in Step 2 (blue boxes). Following our participation is better theory, we can discuss when individuals coordinated to extraordinary achievement - like the Civil Rights development, or Abraham Lincoln's bureau during the Civil War. We could likewise examine how rivalry is second rate through models like the subprime contract emergency of 2008, or the North Korea versus South Korea deadlock. SAT Essay Prompt Type 3: Support or discredit nonsensical articulations These can be the hardest SAT paper promptsif you don't have the foggiest idea how to handle them. The most straightforward approach to truly thump this article type out of the recreation center is to state indeed, it is conceivable, and afterward think about a model. The other sideno, it isn't possibleis harder to sensibly demonstrate, yet it very well may be finished. See the graph underneath for more data on how this functions. Is it conceivable for†¦. misleading to have great outcomes? attempting to arrive at a goal to be important regardless of whether the goal isn't reached? any snag to be transformed into something advantageous? Stage 1: Pick a side. Truly, it is feasible for any impediment to be transformed into something advantageous, or no, it isn't workable for any deterrent to be transformed into something helpful. Stage 2: Consider what might sensibly bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). Not at all like the two brief sorts over, this one is progressively oversimplified - simply discover proof that can bolster your proposal in a clear manner. In the event that you express No, it's impractical for any hindrance to be transformed into something advantageous, you simply need to discover proof for when impediments exist yet don't prompt anything accommodating. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or scholarly models that fit the rules in Step 2 (see blue boxes). To help the No theory, we could utilize the case of how sexual orientation victimization ladies and pay disparity has caused undeniably more mischief than the great it has caused. SAT Essay Prompt Type 4: Cause and impact These can be legitimately entangled, contingent upon which side you pick. On the off chance that you state x is the aftereffect of y, at that point you simply need to consider 1-3 models that represent it. On the off chance that you pick the opposite side, however, at that point you have a harder legitimate undertaking before youyour models need to fit a much smaller definition to bode well. See the graph underneath for more data on how this functions. Is __ the consequence of __? Is an effective network the consequence of people relinquishing their own objectives? Is achievement the consequence of opportunity to do things one's own specific manner? Is learning the consequence of encountering troubles? Stage 1: Pick a side. Truly, learning is the consequence of encountering troubles, or no, learning isn't the aftereffect of encountering challenges. Stage 2: Consider what might intelligently bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). For instance, if our proposition is Indeed, learning is the consequence of encountering troubles, we can either contend with proof of when learning IS the aftereffect of trouble, or when an absence of trouble prompted a nonappearance of learning. The two sorts of proof help your proposal. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or scholarly models that fit the measures in Step 2 (see blue boxes). For our Yes proposition, we could discuss how the trouble of unmanageable human services costs in the USA prompted learning and the Affordable Care Act. We could likewise utilize the other kind of proof and discussion about how Jay Gatsby's absence of trouble in having massive riches prompted poor finding out about what truly fulfills him. SAT Essay Prompt Type 5: Generalize about the condition of the world These sorts of SAT exposition prompts are so open-finished that they loan themselves to a wide range of models and understandings. In any case, for this equivalent explanation, they can be overpowering and confounding. See the outline beneath for more data on how this functions. How is the advanced world? Is the world more needing innovativeness now more than any time in recent memory? Is the world really harder to comprehend because of the bounty of data now accessible? Is the world changing in a positive manner? Stage 1: Pick a side. Indeed, the world is changing in a positive way, or no, the world isn't changing in a positive way. Stage 2: Consider what might legitimately bolster your announcement (see green boxes for a breakdown of the kinds of help you should utilize). How about we think about the Yes proposal. We can utilize proof that issues in the past that are being unraveled today, or developments today that didn't beforehand exist. Stage 3: Quickly consider 1-3 reality or abstract models that fit the measures in Step 2 (see blue boxes). To help our Yes theory, we can discover instances of issues that are better now - ladies' privileges, bondage, and diminished brutality. We can likewise examine ongoing developments that significantly improve personal satisfaction, similar to the Internet and boundless access to instruction.

The Connection Between Gluten and Bipolar Disorder

The Connection Between Gluten and Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print The Connection Between Gluten and Bipolar Disorder By Jane Anderson facebook twitter Jane Anderson is a medical journalist and an expert in celiac disease, gluten sensitivity, and the gluten-free diet. Learn about our editorial policy Jane Anderson Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Emmy Ludwig, MD on August 05, 2016 Emmy Ludwig, MD, is board-certified in gastroenterology and hepatology. She practices at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Learn about our Medical Review Board Emmy Ludwig, MD Updated on February 17, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Ian Sanderson/Photographers Choice RF/Getty Images Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric condition that causes people to experience extreme mood swings from mania to depression. The illness can be treated with medications and people with bipolar disorder also find that counseling may help. Its not unusual to see posts on celiac disease/gluten sensitivity forums from people with bipolar disorder who report that their symptoms improved or even abated completely when they adopted the gluten-free diet. In addition, two studies in the medical literature suggest that people with either celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity may suffer from slightly higher rates of bipolar disorder than the general population. Like many of the possible links between gluten ingestion and mental conditions, more research is necessary before it will be clear whether following a gluten-free diet might help some individuals with bipolar disorder. Anti-Gluten Antibodies Found in People With Bipolar Disorder To date, only three medical studies have been performed to look at whether people with bipolar disorder have heightened levels of anti-gluten antibodies in their bloodstreams. In the most extensive study, published in 2011, the researchers tested 102 people with bipolar disorder and 173 people without a psychiatric disorder.?? They measured levels of the antibodies AGA-IgG and AGA-IgA, both of which are not specific to celiac disease but which may be used as tests for gluten sensitivity. They also measured deamidated antibodies to tTG-IgA and tTG-IgG, considered very sensitive celiac disease tests. The study found that individuals with bipolar disorder had a much higher risk of having increased levels of IgG antibodies to gluten when compared to those without bipolar. Although people with bipolar disorder also had a higher incidence of other laboratory findings that are associated with celiac disease, those findings were not statistically significant. The levels of antibodies in people with bipolar disorder did not correlate with their total symptoms (measured in several different ways), their medical history, whether they had any gastrointestinal symptoms, or with their use of specific psychiatric medications. Nearly half of those with bipolar disorder carried the celiac disease genes (i.e., the genes that predispose you to celiac disease), but those with the genes were no more or less likely to have increased antibodies to gluten. A Second Study Looks at Mania in Bipolar and Gluten Antibodies The same group of researchers published a study in March 2012 looking at markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in acute mania, a hallmark symptom of bipolar disorder.?? They found that people hospitalized for mania had significantly increased levels of IgG antibodies to gluten, but did not have raised levels of other types of celiac disease-specific antibodies. Interestingly, when measured six months after hospitalization, the bipolar patients average levels of IgG antibodies had dropped  and were not significantly different from those of the control subjects. However, those bipolar patients who still had elevated levels of IgG six months later were much more likely to have been re-hospitalized for mania within that time frame. The monitoring and control of gluten sensitivity may have significant effects on the management of individuals hospitalized with acute mania, the researchers concluded. The third study, published in 2008, didnt look specifically at bipolar disorder and gluten; instead, it looked at a broad array of psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder, and whether they were more likely to occur in children with celiac disease or with positive celiac blood tests.?? The study found neurological or psychiatric problems in nearly 2% of children with celiac or gluten sensitivity, a rate slightly higher than the 1.1% found in control subjects. Gluten-Related Neurological Symptoms and Conditions Gluten Implicated in Other Mental Illnesses Theres little doubt that people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity suffer from higher-than-normal rates of anxiety and depression. Gluten and depression are linked to a variety of studies, including research dealing with celiac disease and research dealing with non-celiac gluten sensitivity.?? Meanwhile, gluten and anxiety also appear to share a relationship. Still, its not clear whether gluten itself may contribute to symptoms of depression and anxiety, or whether other mechanisms such as nutritional deficiencies caused by gluten-induced intestinal damage may lead to those psychiatric symptoms. Is Gluten Why Youre Depressed? However, some studies have found that adhering to a strict gluten-free diet seems to help some symptoms of both depression and anxiety in people with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity.?? Psychiatrists also have speculated about a potential link between gluten and schizophrenia, and some case reports indicate there are people with schizophrenia who might improve on a gluten-free diet. However, mental health experts suspect the number of people who might improve is very small â€" on the order of a few percent. Link Between Gluten Consumption and Schizophrenia Will Gluten Be Implicated in Bipolar Disorder? Much more research is needed to determine if gluten plays any role in bipolar disorder. The researchers in the first study who looked specifically at anti-gluten antibodies in people with bipolar disorder noted that some antibody levels â€" but not all of them â€" were much higher in people with bipolar disorder. It is likely that the individuals with bipolar disorder who have increased antibodies to gliadin share some pathobiological features of celiac disease, such as abnormal absorption of ingested food proteins, a finding which is also consistent with the increased levels of antibodies to bovine casein which have also been found in bipolar disorder as well as recent-onset psychosis and schizophrenia, the researchers said in their analysis. However, the mechanism of the increased antibody response to gluten is likely to be different in bipolar disorder in comparison to celiac disease.?? The researchers concluded: At this point, it remains to be determined whether gluten proteins or the observed elevated immune response to them have any role in the pathogenic mechanism of bipolar disorder or have the potential to serve as biomarkers of disease diagnosis or activity.?? Future studies should include gluten-free diets in bipolar disorder patients with elevated anti-gluten antibodies, they said.

Social Networking and Social Media Nowadays - 2587 Words

INTRODUCTION In the current day, there is an increasing trend in the use of social networking and social media, alongside an increase in viral marketing. In 2013, in South Africa 9.3 million people were registered on the popular social network site, facebook.com (Granger, 2013). Viral marketing, also known as ‘word-of-mouth’, refers to methods for marketing that use current social network services and other technologies in an effort to achieve goals and increase brand awareness through the use of self-multiplying ‘viral’ methods. The idea of viral marketing is that it is internet advertising or marketing that spreads exponentially whenever a new user is added (Viral Marketing, 2014). Viral marketing is implicitly seen on a daily basis and the development of social media and social networks has aided its growth and increased its distribution. A social network is defined as a system of friends and personal contacts, with a website or online service that enables this communication, or as an online community of people with mutual interests who use a website or other technologies to communicate with each other and share information (Howe, 2010). Social media has provided a platform for social networking, and is defined as any tool or service that uses the internet to facilitate conversation (Lamb, 2013). Marketing is no longer focused on solely making the sale, but is also interested in building customer relationships and customer loyalty. This has created the need for marketersShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Technology In Fashion921 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans it would take extended amounts of time to spread ideas of fashion from one place to another. The influence of technology on the fashion industry cannot be overlooked. Fashion is being rapidly offered to consumers at an amazingly fast rate. 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Nature vs. Nurture Leaning Towards the Nurture Theory...

Is nature responsible for the way children think and behave, or is it due to the way a child is nurtured? Scientists and psychologists have been debating the subject of nature versus nurture for decades. The term â€Å"nature† refers to heredity, or the genetic traits passed down from parent to child (Powell, 2010). Researchers all over the world attempt to prove that genetics is the sole explanation of a child’s intelligence and personality. Human DNA determines traits such as eye color, nose shape, and hair color. While a child’s DNA can determine his or her risk of Down Syndrome, heart disease, or cancer; there is not significant proof of DNA determining personality traits (Heredity, 2011). The nurture side of the argument refers to a†¦show more content†¦As a child grows from birth to adulthood, certain traits appear (Heredity, 2011). Geneticists argue that personality traits and intelligence are a part of these sets of chromosomes. In fact, at the University of Texas, scientists found 20 gene candidates that could have an impact on alcoholism (Bryner, 2006). Research has also been conducted with sets of identical twins in order to better understand the role that genetics play in human characteristics (Onkal, 2005). Twin studies were pioneered by English scientist, Francis Galton, over a century ago (Powell, 2010). These studies were carried out by separating sets of identical twins at birth and raising them in contrasting environments. These twins were scrutinized using IQ tests and other examinations. In most cases, IQ scores showed that a child brought up in a wealthier area with better schooling and more involved parents would be more intelligent than a child raised with a family with a low income, low education background (Onkal, 2005). The opposing end of the debate is the nurture theory. The nurture theory states that personality traits and intelligence are solely based on one’s upbringing and surrounding environment (Powell, 2010). Scientists that favor the nurture theory argue that certain environmental factors can determine a child’s personality (Powell, 2010). For example, American psychologist, John Watson, studied the effects of theShow MoreRelatedLanguage and Social Learning Theory1259 Words   |  5 Pages The first thing I would want to discuss is the huge debate among nature vs nature. There have been many debates over this topic and still to this day people have not come together with a conclusion. I personally was leaning toward there was no difference because of the finding I have read about over the last few years. 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Pull together the earlier identiï ¬ cation of opportunities and threats (step 5) with the internal analysis you have done. This resources-based, theory-oriented system gives you a powerful vocabulary to describe what simpler systems call ‘strengths’, and the other elements of the system allow you to systematically identify other signiï ¬ cant factors in the mix. STEP 11 CURRENT S T R AT E G IRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pageswhich have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of speciï ¬ c organisations in much greater depth – and often providing ‘solutions’ to some of the problems or difï ¬ culties identiï ¬ ed in the case. There are also over 33 classic cases on the Companion

Mrt Jakarta Free Essays

The Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit System is an ongoing transportation infrastructure project in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. It consists of a partially elevated and partially underground railway system. Construction of the first phase of the project is expected to start in 2013 and is planned to be operational in 2016. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrt Jakarta or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1] Contents [hide] 1 Background of the project 2 Lines 2. 1 North-South corridor 2. 1. 1 Phase I 2. 2 East-West corridor 3 Project Progress 4 PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta 5 References 6 External links [edit]Background of the project Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is an urban metropolis with over 8 million inhabitants. It is predicted that over four million residents of the surrounding Jabodetabek area commute in and out of the city each working day. Transport issues have increasingly begun to attract political attention and it has been estimated that in 2020 without a major transportation breakthrough traffic jams will overwhelm the city. Since 1980 more than twenty-five general and special subject studies have been conducted related to possible Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) systems in Jakarta. One of the major reasons for the delays in tackling the problem was the economic crisis of 1997-98. Before the crisis a Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme was considered as part of a new MRT calling for private sector involvement. After the crisis, the plan to rely on a BOT to provide financing proved infeasible and the MRT project was again proposed as a government-funded scheme. Current public transportation in Jakarta mainly consists of various types of buses, starting from the very small bemo and pickup sized mikrolet, to slightly larger minbuses and full sized city buses. There are also both two and four wheeled taxis. Current transport systems include widely used MetroMini and Kopaja cheap minibuses, and the TransJakarta bus rapid transit system, and the Jabodetabek Commuter Railway. [edit]Lines The rail-based Jakarta MRT is expected to stretch across over 108 kilometres, including 21. 7 km for the North-South Corridor (From Lebak Bulus to Kampung Bandan) and 87 km for East-West Corridor(From Balaraja to Cikarang). [2] [edit]North-South corridor The North-South corridor will be built in two phases. Phase I, will be constructed in advance connects Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI along 15. km including 13 stations (7 elevated stations and 6 underground stations). The Indonesian ministry of Transport approved this plan in September 2010 and invited tenders and will be built at April 2012. [3] Phase II, will extend the North-South line from Bundaran HI to Kampung Bandan (7 underground stations and 1 ground-level station), targeted to operate in 2018 (accelera ted from 2020 as the original plan[4]). [5] After completion of MRT Phase I and II, together with TransJakarta will serve 60 percent total trips made by Jakartans. edit]Phase I The first phase is 15. 7 kilometres (9. 8 mi) long from Lebak Bulus to Bundaran HI. The construction project will begin in June 2011 and is expected to be completed in 2016 to serve 212,000 passengers per day. This expected capacity may be maxed out to 960,000 per day. The 15. 7 kilometers span expected to be covered in under 30 minutes. [6] Elevated stations Lebak Bulus Fatmawati Cipete Haji Nawi Blok A Blok M Sisingamangaraja Underground stations Al-Azhar mosque Senayan Bendungan Hilir Setiabudi Dukuh Atas (Interchange Station with Jakarta Commuter Line) Bundaran H. I [edit]East-West corridor This corridor is currently in pre-feasibility study phase. The line is targeted to operate in 2027. [edit]Project Progress Progress of the first phase was funded through a loan by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), now merged into the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The loan number IP is 536 (signed November 2006) for engineering services. The engineering services loan is a pre-construction loan to prepare the construction phase. It consists of: Basic Design package, managed by the DGR (Directorate General of Railways, Ministry of Transport) Management and Operation package, managed by the Bappeda (Jakarta Regional Planning Board) Construction assistance in tender, managed by the PT MRT Jakarta On March 31, 2009, Loan Agreement 2 (LA2) for the amount of 48,150 billion Yen to build the Jakarta MRT System was signed by the Indonesian Government (represented by the Indonesian Ambassador for Japan) and JICA in Tokyo, Japan. [7] This loan is to be forwarded from the National Government to the Jakarta City Administration as a grant (on-granting agreement). 8] After the signing of the granting agreement for LA2, city administration will propose another two loan agreements for LA3 and LA4 to the central government. These proposals will become a lending agreement for the local government. The total amount of LA3 and LA4 addressed as a loan by the local government is about 71867 billion yen. This amount is based on the progress, outcome and absorbance of LA2. The total loan package from JICA for the development of the Jakarta MRT system is worth a total of 120 billion yen. Work on the basic design for the first phase of the current version of the project began in late 2010. The tender process was underway in late 2012 when the new governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo, unexpectedly said that he wanted a review of the project. After several months of uncertainty governor Joko Widodo announced that the project would go ahead. He listed it as one of the priority projects in the Jakarta city budget for 2013. [9] Physical construction is expected to begin in 2013[10] and the line is expected to be operational by 2017. [edit]PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta PT Mass Rapid Transit Jakarta (PT MRTJ) is a limited liability (Perseroan Terbatas) company founded by the Jakarta Provincial Government. Its establishment was approved by the provincial parliament (DPRD) on 10 June 2008 and final establishment was by notary act on 17 June 2008. Its purpose is to operate the Jakarta MRT System. The shares are made up from 99% Jakarta Provincial Government and 1% PT Pasar Jaya (another Jakarta Reginal-Government-Owned-Company). PT MRTJ is classed as a Regional-Government-Owned-Company (Badan Usaha Milik Daerah-BUMD). The BUMD form for PT MRTJ is designed not to create profits for the shareholders, but instead to create flexibility in accessing alternative financing, which would otherwise be impossible if the company was directly part of the government. With this, the cost of tickets sold to clients will be reduced with some of the operational cost being subsidised by other sources. The BUMD form also ensures transparency and accountability through the shareholders’ General Meeting, Decision Making and Reporting System which will be publicly available. How to cite Mrt Jakarta, Essay examples

Uncertainty and Evaluation of Public Investment †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Uncertainty and Evaluation of Public Investment. Answer: Introduction: Superannuation fund in the service sector is provided to enable individuals to have safe and secure retirement. This investment approach has been promoted from past twenty years to ensure secure future for employees. Strategies investment is essential for tertiary sector employees because they have shorter employment period as technology is continuously changing, and they get early retirement in comparison to other business sectors. The government also encourages it and supports it through tax benefits. Minimum standards are set by the government for the contribution for employees as same time for the management of superannuation funds (Cummings, 2016). It is compulsory for the employees of the service sector to make superannuation from their wages and salaries. They are encouraged to add on superannuation contribution with an outstanding contribution, containing changing their wages or salaries into superannuation contributions. However, they are not mandatory to invest in the speci fic fund as for this purpose; they have two primary options description of which are enumerated as below: It is retirement plan that employer sponsors, where employees profits are calculated using a formula that relates to factors like history of salary and length of employment. Some rules and regulations show by when and what method an employee can withdraw his funds by avoiding penalties (Basu and Andrews, 2014). This option provides a guarantee of benefit and payment on retirement. Benefits can be given as withdrawn as monthly payment all through employees lifetime or a sum total of the amount on retirement. This plan delivers retirement income, and this amount lasts all through retirement age which also makes budgeting easier. It is an almost risk-free investment as returns or maturity benefits are pre-defined through which investor is not required to borne any kind of risk during the tenure of investment. Payment options under this plan are as follows: Single life annuity Survivor annuity Lump sum payment In this option, the investor gets fixed amount on a monthly basis after their retirement and till their death. However, it cannot be transferred to the beneficiary of the diseased party. In this option also investor get fixed amount on a monthly basis after their retirement and till their death but after death, this amount will be provided to the beneficiary or surviving partner of the diseased party. In this option, fixed amount is received at the time of retirement inclusive of interest and principal amount. On the basis of benefits, there is fluctuation in the monthly instalment to be paid by tertiary sector employee. In this option, the return of investment increases with the increase in tenure and amount of monthly instalment. Investment choice plan In this type of plan, an individual can choose to invest as per their customised needs. Nearly all superannuation funds will offer a variety of investment options to choose from. These options vary at their level of risk. In this option, it is necessary for an investor to understand that how and where the superannuation money is invested. Multiple investment portfolios are also the opportunity to spread super money (Chant, Mohankumar and Warren, 2014). One benefit of investment earning is that they are taxed in a different way to other income. Selection of option helps in investing super that offers a diversified mixture of investments. This option makes them enable to invest in a blend of the single asset class in which each option includes different risk and returns policy and suggest different investment time frames. Four investment strategies covered in this option is as follows: Secure fund Share fund Trustee fund This is the least risk and return containing option. This is similar to defined benefit plan but with higher returns. This is the most risk and return containing option. In this value of investment fluctuates as per market condition without any guaranteed covers. In this option, the amount is invested by a broker who is considered as trustee of investment till the retirement of the employee. The trustee in this option is investment expert to attain optimise return. Factors affecting selection of investment plan Following factors are required to be considered by employees for the tertiary sector for selection of investment plan: Risk appetite: The capability of bearing risk differs from person to person, depending on factors such as financial duties, responsibilities, Further considering ability to take risk becomes an essential factor in investment decision making (Barton and Wiseman, 2014). However, if the individual does not want to bear higher risks, then they can choose defined benefit plan because it contains predetermined benefits without any fluctuation. Further, if the person intends to invest the super and has the capacity of bearing risk, then they can choose investment choice plan. Investment Horizon: In defined benefit plan employee cannot invest his pension until retirement. The super is secured for the future. However, in the case of investment choice plan, they can invest the amount by choosing the better alternative as per their requirements. Still, risk element is comparatively high in investment choice plan. Investible surplus: In Investible surplus employee has to determine that how much money can be kept aside for investments. It is imperative in selecting from a variety of asset classes because the minimum investment amounts vary, and so do the risks and returns (Gallery, Newton and Palm, 2011). In defined benefit option there is a requirement for the minimum, and fixed amount of investment on a continuous basis, however, same is not required in investment choice plan. Investment need: Investment needs has to be determined earlier to investment. In this, the individual has to identify that how soon they need their money or are they in a position to invest for a long term period (Halim, Miller and Dupont, 2010). Further, they are required to determine that how much money to invest in a month or year to reach the goal. Expected returns: In defined benefit plan returns are fixed, but in investment, choice plan returns depend on how the money is invested, risk level, for a short or extended period of time of time. The longer the time horizon will be greater the returns can be expected. Issues related to time value of money significant to making investment decisions In the present era, time value of money is necessary to be considered by investors because it has a substantial impact on the yield of an investment. As per this concept, worth of currency today in hand is worth more than the currency in the forthcoming year because of inflation and other economic factors (Butt and et.al. 2014). The employees in the tertiary sector will be required to make regular contributions to the selected retirement plan for investment in a superannuation fund. For this decision, they have an obligation to provide significantly to the time value of money by considering the fact of the increase in invested amount with interest earned. The major issue in this aspect is related to opportunity cost in which investor must be assured that selected option is better than rejected choices by obtaining a higher yield. In addition to this, they are required to consider after how much time they will be getting gain from invested amount as the time value of money indicates s ooner is better (Arrow and Lind, 2014). Thus, if they are getting delayed return, then they must ensure that return is comparatively higher. With this approach, they are required to discount the future return to determine its present value in order to select option with maximum benefits. This will show employee, worth of investment in present through which computation can be made for total value of investment. For example if investment plan provides following two options to receive their retirement income Option 1: Take $5,000,000 immediately at the time of retirement. Option 2: Get paid $600,000 every year after retirement for the next 10 years. In option 1, employee will get $5,000,000 and in option 2 $6,000,000 after their retirement. Without considering time value of money, Option 2 seem better because employee gets extra $1,000,000. However, the theory time value of money says that amount paid in future has less worth in present. Thus decision has to be made by figuring out how much option 2 is worth today by investor on the basis of discounting factor. In accordance with the above description, it can be concluded that there is no perfect option for investment in general as it will vary as per risk bearing capacity and return desired by tertiary sector employees. Further, each investment option for tertiary sector employee has its own pros and cons due to its nature. In making such investment decisions, they are required to consider their current financial condition and future goals to justify their investment objectives. By this study, the conclusion can be drawn that if employees have less tendency to bear risk then they should consider defined benefit plan and but if they desire higher and customised returns then they should go for investment choice plan. In accordance with the theory of efficient market hypothesis (EMH), it is not possible to beat the market regarding return on investment. It is because; EMH states that price of a share is affected by all the available information in the market. Due to this factor, stock market efficiency leads to existing share prices that always contain and represent relevant information. As stated by EMH, stocks are always traded at their fair values on the stock exchange (Brealey and et.al. 2012). Thus it is not possible for the investor to buy shares at a low value and sell stock at inflated prices. Consequently, it is not feasible to beat the whole market through expert stock selection or market timing. An investor can acquire significant returns only by purchasing risky investments. The pension fund is a fund which provides retirement income. A pension fund manager responsibility is to implement a funds spending strategy and to conduct its portfolios trading schemes. The pension fund manager has to make sure that pension schemes are running efficiently or not (Keynes, 2016). The fund manager makes sure that the deposits of the maturity schedules occur at the same time with the demand for loans. More attention has to be paid by the fund manager on the main elements of Cost and risk to capitalise on the cash flow opportunities. By considering the above-described aspects, it can be concluded that cited statement is wrong because the theory of EMH does not stipulate that the portfolio selection has to be done with a pin due to the following reasons- The manager has to do some paramount jobs like ensuring appropriate diversification in the portfolio. Well-diversification is essential for the portfolio to optimise the risk and maximise Investment in a significant number of stock is necessary, as one type of stock is not sufficient to ensure diversification (Lee, Lee and Lee, 2010). The requirement of a vast number of investment is needed to get higher returns with minimum risks. Its not worthy to invest all the money in one investment. A well-diversified portfolio is imperative to achieve high yields (in any market condition). For this aspect, it is significant to ensure that the risks of the diversified portfolio are appropriate for the company as well as clients. In the case of the pension fund, the manager has to choose a risk-free investment (Yal?n, 2010). The management must assure that the risk must be according to the bearing capacity of the client and it is not higher than it. The company must choose safe investments in this case. The manager must pick those stocks which are safe and riskless or merge portfolios with lower beta. In such cases, the manager can change the portfolio to take advantage of special tax laws for pension funds. The government gives privately retired plans for encouraging people, and these rules could raise the assumed return of the portfolio without expanding the risk. References Arrow, K.J. and Lind, R.C., 2014. Uncertainty and the evaluation of public investment decisions. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research, 6(1), pp.29-44. Barton, D. and Wiseman, M., 2014. Focusing capital on the long term. Harvard Business Review, 92(1/2), pp.44-51. Basu, A. and Andrews, S., 2014. Asset allocation policy, returns and expenses of superannuation funds: recent evidence based on default options. Australian Economic Review, 47(1), pp.63-77. Brealey, R.A., and et.al. 2012. Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Butt, A., Donald, M.S., Foster, F.D., Thorp, S. and Warren, G., 2014. The Superannuation System and its Regulation: Views from Fund Executives. Chant, W., Mohankumar, M. and Warren, G., 2014. MySuper: a new landscape for default superannuation funds. Cummings, J.R., 2016. Effect of fund size on the performance of Australian superannuation funds. Browser Download This Paper. Gallery, N., Newton, C. and Palm, C., 2011. Framework for assessing financial literacy and superannuation investment choice decisions. Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal, 5(2), p.3. Halim, S., Miller, T. and Dupont, D.C., 2010. How pension funds manage investment risks: A global survey. Keynes, J.M., 2016. General theory of employment, interest and money. Atlantic Publishers Dist. Lee, C.C., Lee, J.D. and Lee, C.C., 2010. Stock prices and the efficient market hypothesis: Evidence from a panel stationary test with structural breaks. Japan and the world economy, 22(1), pp.49-58. Yal?n, K.C., 2010. Market rationality: Efficient market hypothesis versus market anomalies. European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, 3(2), pp.23-28.